Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed huge populations throughout the world and acts as a high-risk factor for elderly and young immune-suppressed patients. There is a critical need to build up secure, reliable, and efficient drugs against to the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Bioactive compounds of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] may implicate as herbal medicine for the management and treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the current work is to update the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection and information about the implication of various compounds of medicinal plant Withania somnifera with minimum side effects on the patients’ organs. The herbal medicine Withania somnifera has an excellent antiviral activity that could be implicated in the management and treatment of flu and flu-like diseases connected with SARS-CoV-2. The analysis was performed by systematically re-evaluating the published articles related to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the herbal medicine Withania somnifera. In the current review, we have provided the important information and data of various bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera such as Withanoside V, Withanone, Somniferine, and some other compounds, which can possibly help in the management and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Withania somnifera has proved its potential for maintaining immune homeostasis of the body, inflammation regulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression, protection of multiple organs, anti-viral, anti-stress, and anti-hypertensive properties. Withanoside V has the potential to inhibit the main proteases (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. At present, synthetic adjuvant vaccines are used against COVID-19. Available information showed the antiviral activity in Withanoside V of Withania somnifera, which may explore as herbal medicine against to SARS-CoV-2 infection after standardization of parameters of drug development and formulation in near future.

Bioremediation is well accepted technology for the removal of pollutants produced by the anthropogenic activities and rapid industrialization. Different innovative tools such as microbes could be employed for the bioremediation of toxicity in environment. The microbial based bioremediation is one of the most effective tools due to maximum output, cost-effectiveness, and non-toxic process. Microbes having capability to remediate, habors the different hot spots such as plant microbiomes (epiphytic, endophytic, and rhizospheric), and diverse extreme environments (psychrophilic, thermophilic, xerophilic, halophilic, acidophilic, and alkaliphilic). Microbes are known to degrade the different pollutants including azo dyes, heavy metals, agricultural wastes, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, utilization of microbes and their consortia is highly accepted and recommended technology for decontamination of environment is a prime concern on account of being eco-friendly, non-hazardous, safe, and costeffective. In the past two decades, there have been recent advances in bioremediation techniques with the ultimate goal to restore polluted environment for better survival of living beings and protecting the sanctity of nature. In the present review, the current scenario of microbial bioremediation of different pollutants is discussed along with factors affecting the bioremediation.

The phyllospheric microbiome and rhizosphere, as well as microbial diversity inhabiting harsh environmental conditions, are studied extensively in the hilly regions. Difficult topography, poor infrastructure, and fragile ecosystems characterize hill agroecosystems. Thus, determining the precise process that determines biodiversity becomes extremely challenging. Plant-microbial interactions may explain why plants evolve to survive. Plant-microbial interactions may be a factor for plants' adaptation approach to survive. Thus, plant-microbe interactions are extremely valuable since they are responsible for practically all biological transformations and the generation of consistent and balanced sources of nitrogen, carbon, and other nutrients that aid in the subsequent growth of plant communities. As a result, it aids in nutrient acquisition and accumulation. These plant-microbial interactions also aid in bioremediation and land restoration. As a result, the first processes of soil formation and nutrient input are dependent on the activity of plant-microbe interactions. Those bacteria that can endure the extremely cold climate at higher altitudes are critical for plant development. To survive in harsh environmental circumstances, microorganisms evolved in a variety of environments. As a result, it is critical to discover the powerful microorganisms and the mechanisms that allow them to live under extreme temperature circumstances. Later, similar ideas can be applied by farmers in field experiments for long-term agricultural production in the world's coldest and harshest regions. This paper includes a brief examination of potential plant-microbe interactions as well as adaptive methods employed by plants and microbial biodiversity living in hilly locations.

The phyllospheric microbiome and rhizosphere, as well as microbial diversity inhabiting harsh environmental conditions, are studied extensively in the hilly regions. Difficult topography, poor infrastructure, and fragile ecosystems characterize hill agroecosystems. Thus, determining the precise process that determines biodiversity becomes extremely challenging. Plant-microbial interactions may explain why plants evolve to survive. Plant-microbial interactions may be a factor for plants' adaptation approach to survive. Thus, plant-microbe interactions are extremely valuable since they are responsible for practically all biological transformations and the generation of consistent and balanced sources of nitrogen, carbon, and other nutrients that aid in the subsequent growth of plant communities. As a result, it aids in nutrient acquisition and accumulation. These plant-microbial interactions also aid in bioremediation and land restoration. As a result, the first processes of soil formation and nutrient input are dependent on the activity of plant-microbe interactions. Those bacteria that can endure the extremely cold climate at higher altitudes are critical for plant development. To survive in harsh environmental circumstances, microorganisms evolved in a variety of environments. As a result, it is critical to discover the powerful microorganisms and the mechanisms that allow them to live under extreme temperature circumstances. Later, similar ideas can be applied by farmers in field experiments for long-term agricultural production in the world's coldest and harshest regions. This paper includes a brief examination of potential plant-microbe interactions as well as adaptive methods employed by plants and microbial biodiversity living in hilly locations.