We present a calculation of the fourth-order (NLO) contribution to spindependent Compton scattering in heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory, and we give results for the four spin polarisabilities. No low-energy constants, except for the anomalous magnetic moments of the nucleon, enter at this order. For forward scattering the fourth-order piece of the spin polarisability of the proton turns out to be almost twice the size of the leading piece, with the opposite sign. This leads to the conclusion that no prediction can currently be made for this quantity. For backward scattering the fourth-order contribution is much smaller than the third-order piece which is dominated by the anomalous scattering, and so cannot explain the discrepancy between the CPT result and the current best experimental determination.12.39Fe 13.60Fz 11.30Rd

With the increasing investment in computers and computer-based information systems (CBIS], the evaluation of these syslems is becoming an important issue in the management and control of 21. 29]. Both management [4,27] and IS professionals [23] recognize evaluation of the applications as one of the important unresolved concerns in the managing computer resources. A 1976 SHARE study [7] recommends evaluation as the primary technique for establishing the worth of information systems.This evaluation of the systems as they are developed and implemented may take place at the completion of various stages of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) [13]. For example, when a system is evaluated prior to undertaking systems development, evaluation is referred to as feasibility assessment. The next set of evaluation activities may be performed at the end of requirements specification and the logical design phase (specification and design reviews, and approvals), followed by evaluations at the end of physical design, coding, or testing. Finally, evaluations may be performed just before (acceptance tests and management reviews) or just after (post installation reviews) installation. This will be followed by evaluations of the system once it has a chance to settle down (systems-operations post installation reviews) [13].A useful way of summarizing and classifying the variety of evaluations is from the program and curriculum evaluation lilerature [24,28]. This literature distinguishes between formative and summative evaluations. Formative evaluation produces information that is fed ©•J990 ACM OOfJ]-O782/9O/()2nO.fJ2O3 SI.50

We answer an important question in general relativity about the volume integral theorem for exotic matter by suggesting an exact integral quantifier for matter violating Averaged Null Energy Condition (ANEC). It is checked against some well-known static, spherically symmetric traversable wormhole solutions of general relativity with a sign reversed kinetic term minimally coupled scalar field. The improved quantifier is consistent with the principle that traversable wormholes can be supported by arbitrarily small quantities of exotic matter.

The confinement of laser interactions inside transparent materials assisted by tight optical focusing and short-pulsed nonlinear interactions has driven many high-resolution patterning and probing applications in science and technology. In thin transparent films, laser interactions confined to the film/substrate interface have underpinned blistering and ejection processes for nanofluidic channel fabrication, film patterning and cell catapulting. Here, we harness femtosecond lasers to drive nonlinear interactions within Fabry-Perot interference fringes to define narrow nanolength scale zones for highly resolved internal structuring of a film of refractive index, n film , at fringe maxima separated by l/2n film . This novel interaction internally cleaves the film to open subwavelength internal cavities and form thin membranes at single or multiple depths from which follow significant opportunities for writing multilevel nanofluidic channels inside the film, as well as ejecting nanodisks at quantized film depths for coloring and three-dimensional surface patterning that promise new compact types of lab-in-film devices.

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of IS Designer Values 77ie values of system designers have a significant influence on the extent to which information systems meet the broad effectiveness needs of an organization.A number of studies in the iiitbrniation systems literature report upon the negative organizational outcomes and/or the lack of the realization of potential benefits of computer-based information systems [1. 28, 32, 51, 69. 72j. To some extent these failures have been attributed to a lack of appropriate information systems development methodologies (ISDMs) [32. 65]. However, in si)ito of the emergtMice of new ISDMs, information systems design (ISO] is still largely a complex and unstructured process, usually with ambiguous goals. Accordingly, systems designers must make ii number of choices which significantly affect the systems development process and its outcomes [55J.In the absence of explicit policies or guidt^lines, these choices are determined, to a large extent, by the systems designers' personal values,' During the design process, the designer, either consciously or subconsciously, makes a series of incremental choices in the design and implementation of a system [16j. To some extent, there are methods or standards guiding the LSD process. However, most of tbe time tbese standards do not readily apply. The context is never exactly a? assumed, and the standard procedures have to be interpreted. Furthermore, these standards are far from complete and the designer has to fill in the blanks, especially as regards implementation and organizational design. Similarly, the management objectives specifi(!d for the projnc:t are usually very high level and far from specific. The designer has to define, interpret, and operationalize the missing objectives in the absence of clear directions. Accordingly, designers have to rely on tbeir own judgment for making the design decisions. Hedberg and Mumford [321 state: