A study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility and their quality parameters of Chiraigaon Block of Varanasi district Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) which is located at Latitude 25.3°N, and Longitude is 82.9°E and at elevation of 81m above mean sea level (AMSL) in the centre of Gangatic plain of Northern India. A total of 54 soil samples were collected from the farmland of six different villages of Chiraigaon Block. Physico-chemical property analyses showed average bulk density and particle density of 1.22 and 2.37 mg/m3 respectively whereas water holding capacity ranged from 29.80 to 51.70 %, pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.3, EC ranged from 0.18 to 1.68 dSm-1 and organic carbon content ranged from 0.21 to 0.76 % with low organic carbon content in 70.37% of the soil samples. Macronutrient analysis showed low to medium range for nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur with average values of 244.15 Kg/ha, 14.78 kg/ha and 10.60 mg/kg respectively whereas medium to high range of potassium (481.7 kg/ha) and high range of exchangeable calcium (11.82 mEq/100g) and magnesium (9.89 mEq/100g) were found. Micro-nutrient analysis showed low to high range for manganese and zinc with values ranging from 3.08 to 56.1 mg/kg and 0.58 to 19.62 mg/kg respectively, with iron in the medium to high range (5.1 to 72 mg/kg) while available copper (2.2 to 4.08 mg/kg) was in the high range in the tested samples. The current study is expected to help the farmers of the study location in providing guidelines required for long-term soil fertility management and to improve soil quality and for developing suitable crop varieties that can grow without any yield reduction.

Evapotranspiration is an important phenomenon of hydrological cycle mainly influenced by meteorological factors and other vegetation characteristics. In this study, the relationship between Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were analysed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) TERRA satellite data products with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The duration of study was during South West Monsoon (SWM) season from June to September, over a period of ten years (2011 to 2020) for all seven Agro Climatic Zones (ACZ) of Tamil Nadu, India. The results showed that moderate to strong positive correlation were observed between AET and NDVI (r= 0.3 to 0.9) in all seven ACZ. The AET and LST showed a weak to strong negative correlation (r= -0.4 to -0.7) in six ACZs except High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) which might be due to lower LST and high NDVI values recorded in the HRZ which exhibited a weak positive relationship (r=0.2). Relationship between AET, LST and NDVI are highly useful for parametrizing evapotranspiration in different climatic conditions, analyzing different crop growth and production and helps in planning water management strategies at regional scale.