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In this work we reviewed the key antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cholangitis -an autoimmune cholestatic disorder with destruction of intralobular biliary ductules. Since the discovery of antibodies to PDC-E2 component of cholangiocyte mitochondrial membrane, more than 60 antimitochindrial and antinuclear antibodies against various cellular components of cholangiocytes have been described to date, which have primary diagnostic and clinical value in identifying the disease progression and prognosis.

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Objective:The aim is to study the trends in gastric cancer (GC) mortality in Kazakhstan. Methods: Data on those who died from GC and on the annual population were obtained from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A retrospective study was carried out for the period 2009-2018 using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. The extensive, crude and agespecific mortality rates are determined according to the generally accepted methodology used in sanitary statistics. Results: GC mortality in Kazakhstan is considered to be decreasing. It was determined that during the studied period 19,672 died of this cancer. The mean of death was 67.8 with 95% CI of 67.6 to 68.0. The highest mortality rates per 100,000 in the entire population were found in the age groups 75-79 years (145.9±24.1), 80-84 years (161.0±11.0), and 85+ years (116.5±16.4). Trends in age-related mortality rates had a pronounced tendency to increase in 70-74 years (T=+4.3%, R 2 =0.1924) and to decrease in the age of up to 30 (T=−8.7%, R 2 =0.2426). The average annual standardized mortality rate was 13.2 per 100,000, and in trends tended to decrease (T=−5.8%; R 2 =0.9763). In all regions, there is a decrease in mortality, except for the city of Astana. During categorization mortality rates were determined on the basis of standardized indicators: low -up to 12.9, average -from 12.9 to 15.1, high -above 15.1 per 100,000 for the entire population. Conclusion: The mortality rates from GC tend to decrease, while the downward trends and the degree of their approximation are expressed in almost all regions. The study of regional mortality has theoretical and practical significance for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of early detection and treatment. Health authorities should take into account the results obtained when organizing antitumor measures.

Relevance: Every year, 732,210 new cases of RC are registered globally, with an incidence of 7.6 per 100,000. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the screening, case detection, and referral of patients with an asymptomatic cancer diagnosis. The aim was to assess the trends in rectal cancer incidence in the entire population of Kazakhstan before and during the COVID pandemics. Methods: The data obtained from the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning RC (Form no. 7) was retrospectively studied by descriptive and analytical epidemiology methods. The component method was used to analyze RC incidence dynamics based on the number of cases from 2010 to 2020. Results: From 2010 to 2020, the risk of getting RC went down. An increase in incidence in 2010-2020 (+24.8%) was lower than in the preCOVID period of 2010-2019 (+37.2%). We found a sharp decrease in RC incidence from 2019 to 2020. The overall decrease was 0.89‰⁰⁰ due to changes in the age structure of the population (∑ΔA=+0.13‰⁰⁰), the risk of getting RC (∑ΔR=−1.02‰⁰⁰), and the combined impact of age structure and the risk of getting RC (∑ΔAR=−0.002‰⁰⁰). According to the component analysis, 1,662 patients with RC were expected in 2020; instead, only 1,471 cases were registered. Such a decline in cases was mainly due to a reduced risk of getting RC. Conclusions: The analysis of RC incidence trends in Kazakhstan shows a negative impact of COVID-19 on cancer care indicators and effectiveness. All oncological examinations were strengthened with the resumption of work after COVID restrictions. However, the number of screening visits remains lower than in previous years. Untimely diagnosis can increase the number of cases of late-stage CRC and an overall loss of years of life due to the lack of proper treatment. However, these forecasts can be mitigated by proper follow-up