Consumption of diets rich in vegetables and herbs is often associated with a reduced risk of developing cancer,particularly breast cancer.Many different cultures throughout the world have recognized the potential use of garlic for prevention and treatment of different diseases.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect ofhydro-ethanolic extract of Allium sativum(AS)on the expression pattern of biomolecular markers such as, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and caspase-3 during N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) induced mammary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats.The NMU was injected at 50, 80, and 110days of age in both treatment and preventive group. In untreated control animals, 18 numbers of mammary tumours were successfully induced in 6 (50%) rats with average latency period of 85.84±2.47 days. In preventive group, the average latency period was 141.66±4.09 and total four tumours developed in 2 (16.67%) rats. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed over expression of PCNAand VEGF, and decreased expression of caspase-3 in the mammary tissues of NMU treated rats. Oral administration of hydro-ethanolic extract of AS in NMU treated rats significantly down regulated the expression of PCNA, VEGF and up regulated the expression of caspase-3. In conclusion, the hydro-ethanolic extract of AS treatment reduced cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and induced more apoptosis in NMU induced mammary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:To study the effectiveness of prognostic factors influencing the disease free survival in non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma. To access how well the available study designs such as UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND LOS ANGELS and SSIGN could be used to access the prognosis of renal carcinoma on hand. INCLUSION CRITERIA: All the patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma above 18 years of age are included in the study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: All the patients with renal cell carcinoma under the age of 18 are excluded. All the metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients were excluded. All the patients with bilateral renal cell carcinoma are excluded. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective case series study was conducted after getting approval from thesis committee in the Department of Urology, and followed up in the Department of Urology; Gandhi medical College, Secundrabad, for a period of 12 months from June 2012 to May 2013. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical nephrectomy were followed up for one year. At the end of one year follow up 24 patients (80%) had one year disease free survival. Previous studies to compare prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma for disease free survival at 1 year are limited and hence the results are compared to studies of five years of follow up. CONCLUSION: Our follow-up guidelines after nephrectomy for non-metastatic RCC, based on an integrated stage-specific, and tumor size protocol, stratifying patients in to risk groups showed to be useful to predict recurrence and survival in patients with non-metastatic RCC. Among the clinical related prognostic factors age, mode of presentation had no independent prognostic information at one year of follow up but performance status proved to be a significant prognostic factor. Among tumor related prognostic factors, RCC subtypes and nuclear grade had no independent prognostic value but tumor size, nodal positivity, presence of necrosis and staging had independent prognostic value. Among serum markers, ESR has no prognostic value. The available prognostic models like UCLA and SSIGN designs proved to be useful models for accessing prognosis of non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma at one year of follow up.