The application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-based antibacterial therapeutics has emerged as a feasible alternative to traditional antibiotic therapy due to cost-effectiveness and lower possibility of non-evolution of resistant strains. In the present paper, the aqueous extract of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) leaflets were used for the fabrication of well-dispersed AgNPs of average size 19.11 and 33.85 nm, respectively, under the controlled condition of pH 10.0 + 0.1 and temperature 80°C + 1°C. This bottom-up approach of AgNPs production was simple, eco-friendly, inexpensive, and highly reproducible. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray. Agarwell diffusion and (2, 3-bis [2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) (XTT) colorimetric methods revealed the bactericidal potential of synthesized AgNPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranges from 125 to 500 µg/ml. AgNPs presented better potency against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria. Interestingly, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli demonstrated a hormetic response (positive stimulated growth) at a sub-lethal concentration (<7.81 µg/ml) of AgNPs, which were 0.39%-1.56% of MIC values of the respective bacterial strains.

Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), aerial parts has been traditionally used to cure a variety of diseases including diabetes. A good class of secondary metabolites is present in the herb; however, the potential antidiabetic agent consistently stays a secret.. The present study aimed to identify the antidiabetic agents present in M. vulgare leaf extract. The isolation of compounds from the saturated fraction was done by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated using NMR, HRMS and MS spectroscopic methods. . The antidiabetic profiling of Methonoloc Extract (MeOH) extract (500 mg/kg b.w) and its chloroform fraction (250 mg/kg b.w) was investigated in STZ- induced diabetic rats. Four bioactive compounds namely marrubiin (MV-17), marrubinone B (MV-27), ladanein (MV-19) and apigenin 7-O-β-D-(6''- p- coumaroyl) glucoside (MV-25), were isolated from chloroform fraction, oleic acid(MV-20) and Palmitic acid (MV-21) from hexane fraction of M. vulgare leaf. Among these known compounds we first time report oleic and palmitic acid in M. vulgare. Both MeOH extract (500 mg/kg b.w) and its CHCl3 fraction (250 mg/kg b.w) significantly (p˂0.001) lowered the blood glucose level. Quantitative estimation by HPLC showed the highest concentration of MV-17, MV-20 and MV-27 in the CHCl3 fraction. Moreover this fraction also showed significant antioxidant potential measured by DPPH assay. These results confirmed that the hypoglycemic potential of chloroform fraction (IIIM-2) may be largely due to compounds MV-17, 27 and 20.