A compact, pulsed Nd:YAG laser-based instrument has been built to measure in situ absolute gas temperatures in large industrial furnaces by use of spontaneous anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The backscattering configuration was used to simplify the optics alignment and increase signal-to-noise ratios. Gated signal detection significantly reduced the background emission that is found in combustion environments. The anti-Stokes instead of the Stokes component was used to eliminate contributions to spectra from cold atmospheric nitrogen. The system was evaluated in a methane/air flame and in a bench-top oven, and the technique was found to be a reliable tool for nonintrusive absolute temperature measurements with relatively clean gas streams. A water-cooled insertion probe was integrated with the Raman system for measurement of the temperature profiles inside an industrial furnace. Gas temperatures near 1500-1800 K at atmospheric pressure in an industrial furnace were inferred by fitting calculated profiles to experimental spectra with a standard deviation of less than 1% for averaging times of approximately 200 s. The temperatures inferred from Raman spectra are in good agreement with data recorded with a thermocouple probe.

The massive growth of mobile users and various applications in coming days requires an enhanced Radio Access Technology (eRAT) to improve the diversity gain and spectral efficiency. Current research on Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) modulation technique combined with Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna system gives good resource allocation, out band emission and better signal strengths over the existing Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) techniques. The proposed scheme explains the improvement of diversity gain, spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of MIMO-GFMD system by combining the benefits of Subcarrier Index Modulation (SIM) and Constellation Precoding (CP) Technique. It is referred as SIM-CP-MIMO-GFDM system. In order to achieve the requirements, in proposed scheme few subcarriers are activated by index modulation bits in quadrature/in-phase dimensions and then data symbols are constellation Precoded. At the receiver, data blocks are detected by using QR Decomposition based Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection. Finally, this paper explains both theoretical and simulation result analysis that the proposed SIM-CP-MIMO-GFDM system outperforms compared to existing systems.

Recessive LAMC3 mutations cause malformations of occipital cortical development Barak et al. (2011) Nature Genetics 43(6): 590–594. Epub 15 May 2011

Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early‐onset obesity Bochukova et al. (2010) Nature 463(7281):666–670