Summary This paper presents the design of two‐degree‐of‐freedom state feedback controller (2DOFSFC) for automatic generation control problem. A recently developed new metaheuristic algorithm called whale optimization algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters of 2DOFSFC. The proposed 2DOFSFC is analyzed for a two‐area interconnected thermal power system including governor dead band nonlinearity and further extended to multiunit hydrothermal power system. The supremacy of the 2DOFSFC is established comparing with proportional‐integral, proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID), and 2DOFPID controllers optimized with different competitive algorithms for the concerned system. The sensitivity analysis of the optimal 2DOFSFC is performed with uncertainty condition made by varying bias coefficient B and regulation R parameters. Furthermore, the proposed controller is also verified against random load variations and step load perturbation at different locations of the system.

Summary In this work, a novel optimization technique named quasi‐oppositional whale optimization algorithm (QOWOA) is employed for the LFC problem. In this study to improve the convergence speed, accuracy, and reliability of WOA, WOA is integrated with quasi‐oppositional–based learning theory and applied first time for the LFC problem. To show the efficacy of the QOWOA technique, at first, it is applied to an interconnected two‐area system with governor dead band nonlinearity then expanded to a realistic three‐area hybrid power system, and another system with two‐area four‐unit hydro‐thermal system is considered. Proportional‐integral and dual‐mode PI controllers are considered as secondary controller for system analysis. The optimization supremacy of the QOWOA technique is validated contrasting the outcomes with original WOA, moth flame optimization algorithm, other recent competitive algorithms, and fuzzy PI controller for an identical system. Robustness of the projected approach is tested with random load perturbation at area‐1 and step load perturbation at diverse location at diverse instant that establishes the efficacy of QOWOA. The critical system analysis demonstrates that the proposed QOWOA technique may be effectively applied for the LFC problem.

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Nowadays, the operation and control of power systems are a big challenge. An essential part of the power system (PS) control is load frequency control (LFC). Different secondary controllers are implemented for the frequency control problem. Hence, cascaded two-degree freedom and a tilt-integral-derivative controller having a filter (2DOFTIDF) are intended in this paper and implemented for load frequency control. In order to determine the efficiency of the 2DOFTIDF controller, a well-known non-reheat thermal system with/without a governor dead band is considered. A new whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to enhance the suggested controller parameters. The predominance of the presented method is exhibited by comparing the consequences with different heuristic techniques tuned to controllers published recently. Further, the simulation results for two test cases indicate that system enactments are enhanced by introducing the suggested controller and are also best suited in the presence of system nonlinearity. Finally, random load fluctuation along with noise and changing the system parameters are also used to determine the reliability of the suggested controller. Compared to the WOA-tuned TIDF controller, the settling time of ΔF1, ΔF2, and ΔPTie is improved by 45.45%, 56.77%, and 20.26%, respectively, with the WOA-tuned 2DOFTIDF controller and by 40%, 48.27%, and 20%, respectively, with the DE-tuned TIDF controller. . Experimental validation using the hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation based on OPAL-RT has been carried out to confirm the viability of the proposed approach.