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Wireless sensor network is a network consists of large number of sensors and a base station. There are many novel architectures, algorithms, protocols implemented so far but one of the major issues in wireless sensor network is to develop an energy efficient routing protocol which affects the stability and overall lifetime of the network. Clustering of nodes is one of the effective techniques used to improve energy, scalability and lifetime. The proposed protocol is a Section Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for heterogeneous WSN using Artificial Bee Colony (SBHRA). There are some nodes which send data directly to base station and other uses clustering technique to transmit data to base station (BS). The hybrid technique minimizes energy consumption of sensors and increases the network lifetime and throughput of the network.

The convergence of heterogeneous wireless access technologies characterizes the 4G wireless networks. In such converged systems, the seamless and efficient handoff between different access technologies (vertical handoff) is essential and remains a challenging problem. The heterogeneous co-existence of access technologies with largely different characteristics creates a decision problem of determining the “best” available network at “best” time to reduce the unnecessary handoffs. This project proposes a dynamic decision model to decide the “best” network at “best” time moment to handoffs. The proposed dynamic decision model make the right vertical handoff decisions by determining the “best” network at “best” time among available networks based on, dynamic factors such as “Received Signal Strength(RSS)” of network and SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio), Link capacity(offered bandwidth) and power consumption. This model not only meets the individual user needs but also improves the whole system performance by reducing the unnecessary handoffs.

Background and Objective : In this work, dissociation of nano drug 5-Fluorouracil derivatives was studied theoretically.Methodology : For this purpose, Gibbs free energy values for neutral and deprotonated forms of 5-Fluorouracil were calculatedat gas and aqueous phases by using density functional theory (DFT) method. Solvent effects are taken into account by means ofpolarizable continuum model (PCM). Result : It was shown that, theoretically calculated pKa values are in good agreement withthe existing experimental pKa values, which are determined from capillary electrophoresis, potentiometric titration and UV–visible spectrophotometric measurements.