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This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of the lockdown measure taken to control the transmission of COVID-19 in India by examining the peak of the epidemic pre and post the adoption of stringent lockdown from 25 March 2020. Susceptibleexposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model has been developed to trace the peak of the outbreak. The study suggests that with the implementation of lockdown the peak of epidemic in India has delayed by two and a half month. Before lockdown peak was examined in end of May 2020 but post lockdown, it is expected to arrive in mid-August 2020. Thus lockdown measures has delayed the arrival of peak of epidemic which would be helpful in preparing the healthcare system in advance, to tackle worst situation if arises in future.

Migration is closely linked to development process. Due to the stagnant development process in Bihar outmigration have increased in recent two decades. It has it’s root in green revolution which continued till date. Migration refers to movement of people from one place to another. When a person is enumerated at different place than his/her place of birth is known as migrant. It may be of permanent or temporary, a short or long term in nature. Several scholars in their studies showed that poor implementation of land reforms, as well as a lack of industrial investments in Bihar, left the state underdeveloped. Low Growth, high levels of poverty and the ‘semi-feudal’ systems of agricultural production, where the upper castes-controlled land and power, encouraged outmigration. Due to ongoing political, social and economic changes in Bihar, the migration pattern is also changing in past decades. This paper aims to analyse the pattern and causes of migration in Bihar through secondary data sources such as Census of India 2001 and 2011, by using tools like Percentage, ratio, pie chart, histogram, graphical presentation etc. Motivation to this study is to draw attention of policymakers because Outmigration of human capital is important developmental challenge for Bihar. There is urgent need to protect and develop village industries in Bihar which in turn create employment and reduce migration through spill over effect. KEYWORDS: Outmigration, pattern, employment, Bihar, Government policy, Developmental challenge

For the fiscal system of every federal nation public expenditure is an important tool. The growth process is very much dependent on the pattern and extent of public spending, it also helps in reducing economic disparities. Till 1920s study of public expenditure was neglected. It was general belief that public expenditure is waste. This belief got strengthened by classical economists especially by Adam Smith, 1776 who opined that activities of government should be restricted to Police, defense and justice (Zahir, 1972). Recardo also viewed public spending as wasteful. John Stuart Mill had less extreme but similar views as classists. Lutz in 1936 favored public expenditure as it is the direct medium for addition in community wealth. Keynes, a revolutionary economist opined that public expenditure is an important policy tool to stimulate the economy. R. A. Musgrave also favored public expenditure by saying that it has capacity to correct market distortions, provision of public good and regulatory activities etc. The increasing participation of government in economic functioning has highlighted the superiority of public spending over other fiscal instruments. In any economy public expenditure has its wide impact not only on consumption but also on production and distribution. Public expenditure has potential to stimulate and stabilize the economy. It promotes positive externality to society as well as economy (Piana, 2001). Public expenditure is an effective tool not only for developed economies but also for underdeveloped economies across the world. On the one hand it helps developed nations to achieve stabilization by preventing frequent cyclical fluctuations on the other hand it supports underdeveloped nations by promoting economic development and equity in income distribution. India is also not far behind in employing its benefits.

In the recent years Geographical Indications have grabbed attention as an important property right issue in a country like India where there is great diversity on cultural and geographical grounds which if utilized wisely can benefit the country a lot. But several challenges and issues are there due to which some states in India are lagging behind when some are really performing well. The objective of this study is to dig out the reasons behind this disparity among states on the grounds of GI registration. For this the study takes help of secondary sources like WIPO, WTO, Manupatra.com, IPI, case studies from literatures, journals, books etc. and explains it by making use of bar graphs and pie charts. The findings of this study will carry significant implications for Central as well as State Government of India in terms of addressing this challenge and developing strategies so that potential benefits ingrained in Geographical Indications can be realized efficiently. KEYWORDS: Geographical Indications, WTO, TRIPS agreement, Challenges, Tag