Background: Body image self-discrepancy reflects a preference for weight loss regardless of normal body size and is a distorted cognition that may be a precursor to eating disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with body image self-discrepancy among healthy junior high school students in Japan.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at one junior high school in Saitama, Japan, in December 2016. After excluding obese participants (defined as 20% above their ideal weight), 304 students (mean age, 13.9years; n=181 girls, 59.5%) who fell into underweight (n=22, 7.2%) and normal weight categories were selected. Body image self-discrepancy was measured using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale which includes eight separate figures representing body sizes. We then calculated the difference by subtracting ideal from current body sizes and defined body image self-discrepancy if the difference >1.Results: Girls constituted 92% (n=49) of the 53 students with body image self-discrepancy. In all students, multivariable stepwise models demonstrated that female gender (OR, 6.92, 95% CI: 2.33–20.51), a calorie-restricted diet (OR, 5.18, 95% CI: 2.22–12.05), and psychological symptoms (OR, 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15–1.87) were significantly associated with an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy. Specifically for girls, an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy was associated with calorie-restricted suppers and psychological symptoms.Conclusion: Body image self-discrepancy among healthy adolescents in Japan was found to be closely linked to being a girl, having a calorie-restricted diet, and having psychological symptoms.
BackgroundHealth personnel must provide continuous support in response to problematic results from health checks of infants and toddlers (hereinafter “infant[s]”). Among this support, it is important for health personnel to provide nutritional guidance to families as a collaborative effort between the staff from multiple disciplines and community organizations. This study aimed to clarify the factors affecting collaboration with community organizations in providing nutritional guidance to families following health checks for infants in Japan.MethodsThe design of this study consisted of a cross-sectional, multilevel survey. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all municipalities (1741 towns and cities) in Japan to be completed by the person responsible for nutrition advice. The research was performed in August 2015. We obtained 988 valid responses (response rate of 56.7%).To identify the factors that affect the collaboration with community organizations in providing nutritional guidance, we determined how municipalities responded to infants needing support (five items), how municipalities evaluated health guidance (five items), the number of distributed maternal and child health handbooks, and the number of infants who received follow-up evaluations.ResultsThe results of multivariate analyses showed that the factors related to successful community collaboration in providing nutritional guidance included holding a multi-professional staff meeting after health checks (post-conference; odds ratio [OR], 2.34; P = 0.001); following up children suspected of having developmental and mental disabilities or delays before entering elementary school (OR, 1.77; P = 0.0004); and considering dental caries data from dental checkups in providing health guidance (OR, 1.56; P = 0.003).ConclusionsHolding a multi-professional meeting after infant health checks (post-conference) was strongly associated with community collaboration in providing nutritional guidance for infants.
BackgroundParents often have concerns about the food habits of their young children. Cooking is a frequent behavior related to dietary activities at home. We hypothesized that “a parent cooking meals together with young children might alleviate dietary concerns.” The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between parental cooking practices (e.g., cooking meals together with the child) and diet-related concerns.MethodsData were extracted from the “National nutrition survey on preschool children” conducted among nation-wide households with toddlers and preschoolers in 2015 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Parents were classified into two groups comprising those who cooked meals together with their children and those who did not. The following variables were compared: taking too much time to eat (slow eaters), “picky” eating (eating only certain foods), inconsistent food intake (eating too much or too little), playing with food/utensils while eating, preferring sweetened beverages and snacks over meals, eating too fast to chew well, not swallowing food, disinterested in eating, and spitting out food. The associations between parent–child cooking meals together and the concerns pertaining to the child’s dietary habits and food intake were analyzed and compared between the two groups.ResultsThe concerns of “picky eating” and “playing with food/utensils while eating” were lower, while “eating too much” was higher in the parent-cooking together group. The intake frequency of fish, soybeans/soy products, vegetables, and milk among children were higher in the “cooking together” group than among those in the “not cooking together” group. Children in the “cooking together” group consumed a significantly greater variety of foods than those in the “not cooking together” group.ConclusionsCooking a meal together with a child may be related to the parent’s lower concerns about the dietary habits of the child, including “picky eating” and “playing with food/utensils while eating,” but may also be related to the higher concerns of “eating too much.”Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-019-0480-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
QOL 核家族 461(77. 2) 233(77. 2) 228(77. 3) 拡大家族 135(22. 6) 69(22. 8) 66(22. 4) その他 1( 0. 2) 0( 0. 0) 1( 0. 1( 3. 6) 2( 6. 7) 1( 0. 9) 4( 4. 3) 3( 7. 9) 11(20. 4) まったくあてはまらない 3( 2. 4) 1( 0. 9) 3(10. 7) 1( 3. 3) 1( 0. 9) 3( 3. 2) 1( 2. 6) 3( 5. 6) 家族と一緒に食事をすることは重要である(共食の重要性) とてもあてはまる 57(45. 2) 46(41. 4) 8(28. 6) 12(40. 0) 0. 35 64(58. 7) 34(36. 2) 14(36. 8) 11(20. 4) <0. 001 まあまああてはまる 46(36. 5) 42(37. 8) 12(42. 9) 10(33. 3) 36(33. 0) 36(38. 3) 15(39. 5) 23(42. 6) (A&B,C,D) どちらともいえない 16(12. 7) 16(14. 4) 5(17. 9) 6(20. 0) 7( 6. 4) 17(18. 1) 7(18. 4) 12(22. 2) あまりあてはまらない 5( 4. 0) 5( 4. 5) 2( 7. 1) 1( 3. 3) 1( 0. 9) 4( 4. 3) 1( 2. 6) 7(13. 0) まったくあてはまらない 2( 1. 6) 2( 1. 8) 1( 3. 6) 1( 3. 3) 1( 0. 9) 3( 3. 2) 1( 2. 6) 1( 1. 9) 私の家族は,家族が揃って食事をすることが重要であると考えている(家族の主観的規範) とてもあてはまる 42(33. 3) 19(17. 1) 1( 3. 6) 5(16. 7) 0. 001 39(35. 8) 18(19. 1) 6(15. 8) 4( 7. 4) <0. 001 まあまああてはまる 35(27. 8) 33(29. 7) 8(28. 6) 12(40. 0) (A&B,C) 34(31. 2) 29(30. 9) 9(23. 7) 16(29. 6) (A&C,D) どちらともいえない 33(26. 2) 34(30. 6) 10(35. 7) 6(20. 0) 22(20. 2) 33(35. 1) 14(36. 8) 14(25. 9) (B&D) あまりあてはまらない 12( 9. 5) 22(19. 8) 6(21. 4) 6(20. 0) 11(10. 1) 12(12. 8) 8(21. 1) 15(27. 8) まったくあてはまらない 4( 3. 2) 3( 2. 7) 3(10. 7) 1( 3. 3) 3( 2. 8) 2( 2. 1) 1( 2. 6) 5( 9. 3) 家族と一緒に食事をする時間を作るのが難しい(共食時間を作ることの難しさ) とてもあてはまる 14(11. 1) 16(14. 4) 8(28. 6) 9(30. 0) 0. 005 5( 4. 6) 4( 4. 3) 16(42. 1) 22(40. 7) <0. 001 まあまああてはまる 21(16. 7) 22(19. 8) 3(10. 7) 5(16. 7) (A&D) 13(11. 9) 16(17. 0) 4(10. 5) 18(33. 3) (A&C,D どちらともいえない 23(18. 3) 28(25. 2) 8(28. 6) 8(26. 7) 19(17. 4) 26(27. 7) 13(34. 2) 9(16. 7) B&C,D) あまりあてはまらない 40(31. 7) 25(22. 5) 5(17. 9) 8(26. 7) 37(33. 9) 31(33. 0) 5(13. 2) 5( 9. 3) まったくあてはまらない 28(22. 2) 20(18. 0) 4(14. 3) 0( 0. 0) 35(32. 1) 17(18. 1) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 食事に対する態度 健康のための食事への気遣い いつも気を付けている 14(11. 1) 12(10. 8) 3(10. 7) 3(10. 0) 0. 16 16(14. 7) 7( 7. 4) 3( 7. 9) 6(11. 1) 0. 011 時々気を付けている 68(54. 0) 52(46. 8) 12(42. 9) 9(30. 0) 59(54. 1) 50(53. 2) 15(39. 5) 17(31. 5) (A&D) あまり気を付けていない 40(31. 7) 44(39. 6) 11(39. 3) 16(53. 3) 30(27. 5) 36(38. 3) 18(47. 4) 27(50. 0) 全然気を付けていない 4( 3. 2) 3( 2. 7) 2( 7. 1) 2( 6. 7) 4( 3. 7) 1( 1. 1) 2( 5. 3) 4( 7. 4) 栄養のことを考えて食事をすることの重要性 とても大切 81(64. 3) 58(52. 3) 18(64. 3) 19(63. 3) 0. 26 77(70. 6) 50(53. 2) 17(44. 7) 32(59. 3) 0. 008 まあまあ大切 43(34. 1) 50(45. 0) 10(35. 7) 9(30. 0) 31(28. 4) 41(43. 6) 18(47. 4) 22(40. 7) (A&C) あまり大切でない 0( 0. 0) 2( 1. 8) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 1( 0. 9) 1( 1. 1) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 大切でない 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) 0( 0. 0) わからない 2( 1. 6) 1( 0. 9) 0( 0. 0) 2( 6. 7) 0( 0. 0) 2( 2. 1) 3( 7. 9) 0( 0. 0) 栄養のことを考えて食事をすることへのセルフエフィカシー かなりできると思う 10( 7. 9) 4( 3. 6) 2( 7. 1) 1( 3. 3) 0. 013 9( 8. 3) 4( 4. 3) 2( 5. 3) 2( 3. 7) 0. 043 少しできると思う 80(63. 5) 60(54. 1) 10(35. 7) 16(53. 3) 68(62. 4) 52(55. 3) 18(47. 4) 28(51. 9) あまりできないと思う 30(23. 8) 37(33. 3) 12(42. 9) 9(30. 0) 27(2...
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