Awal mula proses domestikasi pada hewan diperkirakan sudah terjadi pada zaman Mesolitikum (10.000 SM). Berdasarkan bukti sejarah, hewan pertama yang didomestikasi didaerah Asia Timur adalah anjing. Tentu saja hal ini diperkuat setelah ditemukan kerangka-kerangka anjing yang berusia 7000 dan 8000 SM. Disamping itu kerangka kucing yang berusia 6000 SM juga ditemukan didaerah Siprus. Selain peliharaan manusia zaman dahulu juga sudah mulai mendomestikasi hewan liar yang bisa dimakan dan memenuhi kebutuhan mereka untuk dijadikan hewan ternak seperti kambing dan domba yang diperkuat dengan ditemukannya kerangka kedua hewan tersebut pada tahun 7000 SM. Proses domestikasi hewan yang banyak dilakukan di negeri kita yaitu proses mendomestikasi hewan ternak yang memiliki kaitan penyediaan kebutuhan pangan juga sandang seperti rambut dan kulitnya bisa digunakan untuk membuat pakaian. Hingga saat ini spesies hewan yang telah berhasil dilakukan proses domestikasi masih terbilang sangat sedikit. Hal ini dikarenakan proses domestikasi yang bersifat cukup kompleks dan pelaksanaannya yang harus bertahap sehingga mampu mengubah sifat dan karakteristik tetuanya. Selain itu tekanan juga kondisi yang menjadi penyebab proses domestikasi masihlah tidak nampak jelas serta bervariasi proses dari satu melalui area geografis menuju ke daerah disertai satu organisme ke organisme lainnya. Proses domestikasi sendiri mulai berakhir pada zaman Pleistosen, dimana perubahan iklim saat itu sangat sulit untuk diprediksi apakah akan semakin dingin atau berubah (dengan cepat) kembali menjadi dingin. Hal ini tentu menjadi pembatas dalam penyebaran baik itu populasi manusia dan spesies lainnya. Sebanyak 148 spesies non karnivora namun hanya 15 spesies yang telah berhasil dilakukan domestikasi. Berdasarkan gambaran tersebut menandakan bahwa proses domestikasi sangat sulit untuk dilaksanakan dan harus benar-benar bertahap agar mendapatkan hasil yang mewakili spesies serta memiliki sifat adaptasi yang cukup baik.

Abstract. Salim G, Handayani KR, Anggoro S, Indarjo A, Syakti AD, Ibrahim AJ, Ransangan J, Prakoso LY. 2020. Morphometric analysis of Harpodon nehereus, Harpiosquilla raphidea, and Scylla serrata in the coastal waters of Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4829-4838. The Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus), harpiosquillid mantis shrimp (Harpiosquilla raphidea), and giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) are among the commercially important fishery resources in Tarakan Island, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. This requires sustainable fisheries management to be in place since these resources have now become the main targets of fishing industry. However, sustainable fisheries management of these species is difficult because less is known about the species particularly its condition, fatness, and well-being. Hence, the current study was conducted to analyze the morphometric characteristics in order to deduce fishing pressure of the fish species in Tarakan waters. Data collection was achieved through field between September 2017 and April 2018. Morphometric characteristics (length, weight, width, and thickness) were collected throughout the sampling period. The length-weight relationship and condition factor were then estimated using the morphometric measurements. The data were then statistically analyzed either or combination of t-test, Chi-square, and the Mann-Whitney tests. The study revealed that all the three fish species (H. nehereus, Ha. raphidea, and S. serrata) populations in Tarakan waters were dominated by male individuals (M:F ratio; 1:0.81; 1:0.63; and 1:0.66, respectively). The length-weight analysis showed all fish were found to be smaller in size and exhibited negative allometric growth patterns. The analysis of condition factor also showed that the fish were dominated by flat and very flat body shapes. The current study suggests that the fish species may encounter some kinds of ecological disturbances that selectively removed female fish and larger individuals from the populations. However, more studies are needed to accurately identify those factors so that plans to effectively address the root cause could be incorporated in the sustainable fishery management tools of the fish resources.

Abstract. Salim G, Handayani KR, Indarjo A, Ransangan J, Atieqah N. 2020. Growth, mortality and exploitation rate of Pampus argenteus, Parastromateus niger and Scomberomorus commerson in Sebatik Waters, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5363-5372. The economic revenue of the local government of the Indonesian Sebatik Island relies much on the exploitation of its rich marine biodiversity. One of the important economic activities is the capture fisheries of commercially important fishes such as the white pomfret (Pampus argenteus) and black pomfret (Parastromateus niger), and mackerel fish (Scomberomorus commerson). The current study aims to estimate the growth, condition factor, and exploitation rate of the fish species for developing sustainable fishery management. Fish samplings were conducted in the Sebatik Waters, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia from June to July 2020. The fish were caught using gillnet at daytime (pomfrets) and nighttime (mackerel), respectively. Then, 82, 73, and 83 specimens of white pomfret, black pomfret, and mackerel were randomly selected for the length-weight relationship, condition factor, and exploitation rate analysis, respectively. The results revealed that the size distribution of the white pomfret population in the coastal waters of Sebatik Island ranged from 220.0 to 351.0 mm, black pomfret ranged from 231.0 to 362.0 mm and mackerel, ranged from 242.0 to 432.0 mm. All the fish species exhibited negative allometric (b<3) weight and length relationship with moderate to strong correlation. About 50% and 53.42% of the white pomfrets and black pomfrets were characterized by thin body shape. However, 49.40% of the mackerels were characterized by fat body shape. The asymptotic length (L∞) for white pomfrets was recorded at 359.133 mm; k value of 0.0427 mm/year with r-value of 0.9918 and the t0 value of 1.11/year. For black pomfret, the L∞ was estimated at 370.22 mm; k value of 0.043 mm/year with r-value at 0.9919 and the t0 value of 1.104/year. For mackerel, the L∞ value was estimated at 492.724 mm, k-value of 0.0246 mm/year with r-value of 0.9634, and the t0 value of 1.322/year. The total mortality, fishing mortality and natural mortality (Z, F, and N, respectively) and exploitation rate (E) for white fish were recorded at 113.76%, 80.58%, 33.18%, and 70.83%, respectively. For black pomfret, it recorded 113.15% (Z), 79.97% (F), 32.75% (N) and 70.67% (E). For mackerel, it recorded 109.87% (Z), 66.29% (F), 43.58% (N) and 60.33% (E). The high exploitation rate (>50%) and fishing mortality (>60%) of all the fish species analyzed in this study indicate that there is a sign of overfishing to these fish resources in the coastal waters of Sebatik island. Hence, sustainable fishing management is timely needed to prevent depletion of these important fishery resources. Such management can include fishing restrictions for small-sized and first mature fish, close fishing season, and strict requirement for fishing permits.

HighlightThe sex ratio of tiger prawns in the waters of female groceries is 1.08 times higher than that of males.The  growth  characteristic of male and female tiger prawns is negative   allometry, but the male and female body shapes are fat.Fishing mortality, capture mortality, exploitation rate, female tiger prawns are higher than males, but total mortality and natural mortality male tiger prawns are higher than females.The male infinitive growth is longer than the female.AbstractThe windu shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is an economically important fishery species in the waters of Tarakan. The shrimp is highly demanded for frozen seafood industry that makes its market price range attractive from Rp. 50,000 (USD 3.37) to Rp. 70,000 (USD 4.72)/kg. This can cause the species to be potentially exploited. However, due to lack of data, the exploitation status of the windu shrimp is unknown. Hence, the present study was carried out to determine the absolute growth, mortality, and exploitation level of the windu shrimp in Juata waters of Tarakan. Sampling of the shrimp using experimental trawling net was conducted four times between June and August 2020 in the waters of Tarakan. Morphometric data of the windu shrimps including sex, total length, carapace length, and total weight were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the sex ratio of male and female tiger prawns was 1:1.08. The maximum growth of male and female shrimps was estimated at 26.875 and 21.435 cm respectively. The size of the male shrimps caught during the sampling ranged between 8.7 and 22.5 cm, and was estimated to be at 13 to 67 days old respectively. Maximum growth of male shrimp was estimated at 26.875 cm that could be achieved within 411 days. The size of female shrimp caught during the sampling ranged from 9.8 to 19.3 cm with an estimated age of 21 to 87 days respectively. The maximum growth for female shrimp was estimated at 21.435 cm, and achievable within 377 days. The mortality of male and female shrimps was not significantly different at 110.3% and 110.1% respectively. The fishing mortality for male and female shrimps was recorded at 19% and 22.5% respectively. The level of exploitation of male and female shrimps was slightly different at 17.2% and 20.5%, respectively. Finally, the natural mortality for male and female shrimps was at 91.3% and 87.5%, respectively.

Laut dan pesisir memiliki peran yang penting bagi biota, dan kehidupan manusia. oleh karena itu, kita harus melindungi dan melestarikan. Kegiatan memanfaatkan sumberdaya laut dan pesisir harus sangat diperhitungkan dengan baik, agar sumberdaya yang ada di laut dan pesisir dapat tetap lestari dan berkelanjutan. Selain itu kita harus menjaga kebersihan lingkungan dan mencegah pencemaran atau kegiatan yang menyebabkan ke kerusakan laut dan pesisir. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengawasan untuk menjaga kelestarian laut dan pesisir, agar kegiatan pemanfaatan laut dan pesisir dapat tetap berlanjut.