To achieve the efficient, rapid construction of prestressed anchor cables, in this study, through an indoor pull-out test and field basic test, we investigated the mechanical behavior, expansion, drawing performance and bond properties of a new type of high-strength, fast anchorage agent. We analyzed the influence of the water material ratio and curing time on its performance and determined the corresponding construction. It was found that the new anchoring agent could be effectively applied in field construction and achieved a compressive strength of 30 MPa within 30 h. Moreover, during the solidification process, the hydration reaction node could be reached within 5–6 h when the material expansion was and the feedback to the water–material ratio were the strongest. In addition, in the drawing process, the anchorage agent exhibited a strong bond with the reinforcement and the rock layer, and the bonding of the anchorage agent to the rock layer was greater than that of the steel bar. Therefore, in order to provide anchorage, it is necessary to increase the contact area between the steel strand and the anchorage agent.