The investigation was aimed at assessing anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative activities along with the release of peptides with antioxidative properties during the fermentation of camel milk by Lacticaseibacillus casei (NK9). Reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used to separate the bioactive peptides of 3 and 10 kDa (permeates and retentates). Reverse‐phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (RPLC/MS) was used to identify and characterise the pure bioactive peptides, and the effect of fermented camel milk on inflammation produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin in RAW 264.7 (Ralph and William's cell line) was also examined. Furthermore, docking revealed that peptides (LLNEK and IYTFPQPQSL) were predicted to inhibit myeloperoxidase (nMPO) activity by engaging with different residues in and around the human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) active site.

Background: Several bacteriological broths and solid media are available for growth of coliforms. Many are generalized and some of them works as selective. Now a days, in this category with development of chromogenic and flourogenic media, enumeration and detection have work become very easy. Despite the fact most of the countries are using approved methods like IS-5887 (Part-I) 1976 and IS-5401 Part-1 (2012) protocol for monitoring E. coli and coliforms in dairy products respectively. This is due to reliability of these media in giving results. Even though results obtained using these methods need confirmation as there are chances to have other organisms/contaminants in the broth or media which does not actually belong to coliforms groups. This leads to further testing to get presence of coliforms and E. coli. Methods: The present investigation comprised comparison and evaluation of formulated selective coliforms broth (Gawai, 2020) with commercially available broths namely Lactose broth, Coliform broth, Tergitol-7 broth, MacConkey’s broth, Violet red bile broth, Lauryl sulphate tryptose broth and nutrient broth at specified time intervals. Result: The growth pattern of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Coliforms cocktail and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 were studied in developed selective coliform broth along with seven commercial broths. It was observed that E.coli ATCC 25922 showed good growth in all the broth tested and highest growth was reported with Formulated broth i.e. 9.60 log cfu/ml and least growth was in MacConkey broth i.e. 8.60 log cfu/ml after 24 h of incubation. Coliform cocktail culture showed the best result in Formulated selective broth and Tergitol broth after 24 h of incubation i.e. 9.40 log cfu/ml while formulated coliforms broth showed the best reduction of Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028 in comparison with other tested broths.

Background: Food Safety and Standard Authority of India has adopted conventional IS-5887 (Part-I) 1976 and IS-5401 Part-1 (2012) protocol for monitoring of E. coli and coliforms in dairy products respectively. These methods are time consuming, relying on bacteriological media and sometimes require further isolation and confirmation to finalize the true contaminant. The current investigation was carried out to develop such a broth media which will support growth of coliforms and inhibit other organisms associated within the micro-environment of coliforms and get entry in dairy products due to wrong processing practices and post production contaminant. Methods: The present investigation involved formulation of selective broth for coliforms by optimizing the rate of addition of Sodium lauryl sulphate salt, Gentamicin sulphate+Amoxycillin (in 1:1 ratio) and Cefsulodin by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Result: Formulation of selective broth for coliforms and E.coli consisting of Sodium lauryl sulphate salt, Gentamicin sulphate+ Amoxycillin and Cefsulodin which was added at the rate of 0.25 g, 10 µl and 312.5 µl respectively per 100 ml of broth. This combination of ingredients along with base composition of broth were able to increase the growth of coliforms as well as able to inhibit population of Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.

Aims: Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in 2011 has adopted a conventional IS-5887 (Part-I) 1976 and IS-5401 Part-1 (2012) protocol for monitoring of E. coli and coliforms in dairy products respectively. These methods are time consuming and sometimes requires further isolation and confirmation to finalize the true contaminant. The current investigation was carried out to compare these methods with developed chromogenic and fluorogenic assay methods to access their suitability in actual analysis in terms of time saving, reliability and reproducibility. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, June 2019 to June 2020. Methods: Ten samples of raw and pasteurized milks were inoculated with formulated selective broth. After incubation for 10 hrs crude enzymes were extracted to detect the presence of coliforms. Similarly 0.1 ml 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide (MUG) solution was added in Formulated selective broth for the detection of E. coli. Enzyme extract procedure was not required after incubation of sample for detection of E. coli. Then after presence of coliforms were detection by the X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside) impregnated strips and quantification was done by the chart developed using optical density measurement in o-nitrophenyl-ß-d-galactopyranoside (ONGP) assay. For E. coli detection, blue fluorescence generated was measured under UV light at 350 nm and quantification was done by measuring relative light unit (RLU) generated by Fluorescence spectrophotometer. Same sample was also analyzed by standard IS 5401: part-1 (2012) and IS 5887: Part - I (1976; reaffirmed 2005) procedure and compared with standardized methods for enumeration of coliforms and E. coli respectively. Results: This study made clear that the results of analysis of raw and pasteurized milk samples by developed chromogenic and fluorogenic assay method were in accordance with the conventional IS methods. Conclusion: Developed chromogenic and fluorogenic assay method indicating their suitability, ease in operation, time saving and preciseness over the conventional methods and can be opt as a suitable alternative for monitoring presence of E. coli and coliforms in fluid milks.