To study the spectrum of thyroid disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Hundred SLE patients as per American Rheumatology Association(ARA) classification criteria underwent clinical examination, including assessment of disease activity (SLEDAI) and laboratory evaluation for serum triiodothyronine (T3),free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), antithyroperoxidase (TPO) antibody and antithyroglobulin (TG) antibody. Hundred age- and sex-matched apparently healthy individuals served as control. Thirty-six (36%) lupus patients had thyroid dysfunction when compared to 8 (8%) of controls and all of them were women. Primary hypothyroidism was the commonest dysfunction in 14 (14%), while subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism was seen in 12 (12%) and 2 (2%), respectively. Eight (8%) had isolated low T3 consistent with sick euthyroid syndrome. Eighteen (50%) of thyroid dysfunction were autoimmune in nature (autoantibody positive) and rest 18 (50%) were non-autoimmune. Euthyroid state with the elevation of antibodies alone was seen in 12 (12%) of the lupus patients. In contrast, only 5 (5%) of controls had primary hypothyroidism and 3 (3%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, while none had hyperthyroidism. SLEDAI score and disease duration were compared between lupus patients with thyroid dysfunction to those with normal thyroid function. A statistically significant association was found between SLEDAI and thyroid dysfunction of sick euthyroid type.SLE disease duration had no statistically significant association with thyroid dysfunction. Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in lupus patients was 30% when compared to 10% of controls. Ninety-six (96%) of the SLE patients were ANA positive, while 4 (4%) of them were ANA negative but were anti-Sm antibody positive. There were no suggestions of any other autoimmune endocrine diseases like diabetes or Addison's disease (clinically and on baseline investigations) in our lupus cohort and hence no further work up was done for these diseases. Thyroid disorders are frequent in SLE and are multifactorial with a definite higher prevalence of hypothyroidism as well as thyroid autoantibodies.

A rare case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) of septum pellucidum is being reported. There were symptoms of altered behaviour, memory and changes in sensorium. The MRI was suggestive of a tumour arising from the septum pellucidum. Glioblastomas arising from septum pellucidum are rare. While even a partial endoscopic excision of the more common pathology viz. colloid cyst is acceptable, only, a safe maximal excision of a highly malignant pathology like glioblastoma is an acceptable goal in order to give any benefit of surgical exploration to the patient.

Epidermoid cysts of the fourth ventricle are slow-growing benign rare lesions. We report a case of fourth ventricle epidermoid in a young lady with short duration of symptoms.

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Gangliogliomas favor the temporal lobe. They are rarely reported in the spinal cord. Ganglioglioma of the conus medullaris is very rare. An 11-year-old boy presented with progressive weakness of bilateral lower limbs. Clinical examination and radiologic investigations revealed a lesion in the conus medullaris with an exophytic component involving the cauda equina roots. The lesion was excised near totally. Its histopathologic examination revealed it to be a ganglioglioma. Gangliogliomas of the conus medullaris are rare lesions. Subtotal or near-total excision with preservation of the function should be the aim of the surgical intervention. Because preoperative function largely dictates the postoperative course, it is advisable to intervene early at the first hint of neurologic compromise.