BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B is a disease that infects the liver and is caused by the infection of a hepatitis B virus (HBV), and is becoming a global health issue, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through several ways such as infected bodily fluids. Indeed, children who live together in an orphanage are prone to having a high chance of transmitting Hepatitis B to each other. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the prevalence of infected Hepatitis B. METHODS: This research used casecontrol study methodology by taking 15 positive case samples and 33 controlled uninfected patients and was conducted in six orphanages in Kupang Municipality in NTT between July 2019 and November 2019. There were 310 orphanage residents participating in this research. RESULTS: The research denotes that variables of using a shared toothbrush, nail clipper, and shaver show a significant connection with their Hepatitis B status (p < 0.05). A further analysis also indicates that using a shared shaver and toothbrush for 12.6 times has a high risk of being infected by Hepatitis B compared to those who do not share their personal items. CONCLUSION: Vaccinations and meeting the basic needs of every child in orphanages are essential in order to minimize the risk of Hepatitis B transmission.

One of the plants that can be used as larvicides is sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Sweet orange rind containing saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids have a characteristic of aromatic odor and bitter taste which contain 96% essential oils containing limonene, glucoside, hesperidium, and resin that can function as biolarvasides. The Regency of the Middle East South is one of the areas in Indonesia which is known as the center of sweet orange. Soe sweet orange fruit has a distinctive color, aroma, and taste compared to other oranges in Indonesia. The objectives of this study are to discover the effectiveness of the orange rind extract in killing the Aedes aegypti larvae and to identify the minimum concentration of the extract of the sweet, dry rind in killing the larvae. This type of research is experimental post-test only control group design. This research was conducted at the Health Analyst laboratory of Kupang Poltekkes (Health Polytechnic) in January 2019. The third (III) instar larvae were placed in 5 vials, each containing 15 larvae. The total number of samples needed was 375 larvae. It was mixed with 15 ml of Soe sweet orange rind with a concentration of 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%. One-Way Anova test results obtained sig p-value=0,000 (p<0.05), meaning that there is an influence of sweet orange rind ethanol extract on the death of larvae or orange rind extract is effective as a natural insecticide. Significant values ​​were obtained for all concentrations p=0.008 (p> 0.05) meaning that there was an average difference of each concentration. The conclusion of the study shows that the ethanol extract of sweet orange rind (Citrus sinensis L.) is effective in killing Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae with a minimum concentration of ethanol extract sweet orange rind (Citrus sinensis L.) which can kill 0.075% of larvae.

The availability of non-synthetic media from natural ingredients is needed to answer the needs in laboratories where the price of nutrient media is quite expensive and there are limited supplies of material ware houses. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) are the local foods of people of NTT (East Nusa Tenggara) which have a high enough nutritional content which has the potential to be developed into cheap, easy and simple non-synthetic media in making. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the agar media contained nutrient from cowpea and pigeonpea water can be used as a alternative for nutrient agar for the growth of Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research is a true experiment with posttest-only control design. The growth rate of S. aureus bacteria on pigeonpea medium, cowpea medium, nutrient agar medium, were 164 CFU/mL (SD=3,13), 161 CFU/mL (SD=3,02) and 164 CFU/mL (SD=3,21), respectively. The average growth of E. coli on cowpea medium, pigeonpea medium, and nutrient agar control medium were 163 CFU/mL (SD=2,79), 167 CFU/mL (SD-2,63) and 164 CFU/mL (SD=2,75) respectively. Test results ANOVA between pigeonpea medium, cowpea medium and nutrient medium in order to obtain p value = 0.145 (p> 0.05) for the growth of E. coli bacteria and p value = 0.393 (p> 0.05) for growth S. aureus. It was concluded that there was no difference between the number of bacterial colonies of E. coli and S. aureus on three medium. The pigeonpea medium and cowpea can be used to grow and alternative nutrient agar in order to grow bacteria E. coli and S. aureus.