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Rationale and Aims of the StudyThe concept of open innovation is currently popular in the management and policy literature on technology and innovation. However, despite the large volume of empirical work, many of the prescriptions being proposed are fairly general, rather than specific to particular contexts and contingencies. As Huizingh (2011: 9) argues in his recent review of open innovation, "case studies may contrast high and low performing open innovation adopters to increase our understanding of why and how the effectiveness of certain practices is context dependent. . . We still lack knowledge about how to do it and when to do it".However, proponents of open innovation tend to offer universal, and often universally positive, prescriptions, but recent research casts doubts on this view (Trott and Hartmann, 2009). More specifically, research on 1 An earlier version of this paper was published as: Hsieh, K.-N. and Tidd, J. (2012). Open versus closed new service development: The influences of project novelty, Technovation, 32(11), 600-608. 159Open Innovation Research, Management and Practice Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG on 06/28/16. For personal use only.