No abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs) is a single single-strand RNA genome approximately 26 - 32 kb in size. Out of the seven coronaviruses, three HCoVs (Human CoVs) have been discovered that causes severe pneumonia such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and recently recognized SARS-CoV-2, which possesses varying degrees of lethality worldwide and happened to be bioterrorism in terms of the recent outbreak through human-to-human transmission from China to all over the world. Epidemiological and Clinical study on SARS-COV-2 have recently been reported world-wide but lack of data on prognosis factors including effective medicine or vaccine are yet to be clinically approved to prevent this infectious disease. Human pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 bind to their target cells through ACE2, which is expressed by epithelial cells of the lung, intestine, kidney, and blood vessels. The difference in distribution, maturation, and functioning of viral receptors could be considered as a possible reason for the genetic heterogeneity of ACE2, and age and sex related difference in the incidence of the disease such as, the positive correlation with ACE2 expression and age including the severity of the infection of SARS-CoV-2. Since the ACE2 location in X chromosome, therefore, the males presumable might have more morbidity and mortality by SARS-CoV-2 than females due to sex-based immunological differences like greater observable circulating level of ACE2 in males or else it may be due to the patterns of life style variables such as prevalence of smoking among the males. Additionally, the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 1 (ACE1) is characterized by a genetic insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 16, which is associated with alterations in circulating and tissue concentrations of ACE, where the study reported as D allele is associated with a reduced expression of ACE2. Nevertheless, studies from different states of Indian population on ACE I/D gene polymorphism shows higher frequency of I allele which might explain the lower prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Indian population and consequently be subject matter of research of SARS-CoV-2 on epidemiological and public health issues.

Background: Identification of human remains in medico-legal situation contribution of forensic anthropology is imperative. Forensic anthropology deals with identification of age, sex and ethnicity. Apart from that estimation of stature is found to be one of the major parameters of forensic anthropology, is an essential element of medico-legal investigations when identifications of unknown dismembered remains are involved. The publication regarding estimation of statute seems to be scanty from Eastern India and specially from North East India.Aim: The present study was conducted with an aim to estimate stature from 2D, 4D, Bi-acromian length and Bi-illiac length of adult age matched females belonging to Bengalee Hindu Caste Population from Eastern India and one of the ethnic groups (Chakmas) of North East India (Tripura). Materials and methods:To achieve the purpose, the participants of the present study were comprised of 100 Chakma females and 100 Bengalee females of 25 to 35 years age ranges. Prior to the study verbal consent were obtained from the participants. The ring finger is the fourth digit (4D) of the human hand and the second most ulnar finger located between the middle finger and the little finger while the index finger is the second digit (2D), located between the thumb and the middle finger and usually the most dexterous and sensitive finger of the hand were measured using standard method. Along with digit measurements, stature was obtained using standard technique. Obtained data were doubly checked and analyzed using the SPSS (Version-16.0). Descriptive and inferential statistics were done in appropriate places and cut off was set as p=0.05. Results:Distributions of the anthropometric variables including 2D and 4D demonstrated significant (p<0.05) between the age matched Bengalee and the Chakma females for all the characteristics. Examination of estimation of stature using multiplication factors revealed least mean value for the bi-illiac length while, the highest being the mean value for 2D among both the population. However, the comparison between the population the mean multiplication factors for estimation of stature, the length of 2D, 4D and Bi-illac length demonstrated significant (p<0.05) difference between the two population groups. So far the forensic issues concern regarding the stature estimation by multiplication factors, the best predictors were Bi-illica length followed by Bi-acromian length for both the studied populations. The correlation analysis demonstrated most of the measurements demonstrated significant (p<0.05) positive correlation with stature except bi-acromian and bi-illiac among the Bengalee females and Chakma females respectively. Conclusion:The study concludes that stature estimation from 2D and 4D lengths along with bi-acromian and bi-illiac lengths could be utilized for specific population group.

Background: Hypertension is considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world and become a major global burden on public health in many developing countries. Regulation of blood pressure is a complex process. Apart from environmental factors, multiple genes have been responsible for hypertension. The gene-environment and fat patterning interaction in the pathogenesis of hypertension has not been extensively studied in the northeast Indian ethnic groups. Aim: In this context, to best of our knowledge this is a maiden attempt to discern the association between fat patterning, blood pressure and ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism among the two Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic groups (Chakmas and Tripuris) of North East India (Tripura). Materials and methods: To achieve the purpose, total 293 (Chakma 148 and Tripuri 145) apparently healthy unrelated adult males from Tripura, North East India were incorporated in the present study. Anthropometric variables and physiological variables (blood pressure) have been collected using standard techniques. Extracted genomic DNA from mouthwash was PCR amplified and genotyped to understand ACE gene I/D polymorphism. Results: Examination on the association of fat patterning and hypertension revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher hypertensive individuals and accumulation of central obesity among the Chakmas compared to the Tripuris. ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism demonstrated higher frequency of 'I' allele in the present study groups and the findings of the present study is in agreement with the distributions found in Asiatic populations and also in close corroboration with other Tibeto Burman linguistics groups of North East India. Conclusion: Significantly (p<0.05) higher hypertensive individuals were found among the Chakmas in comparison to the Tripuris. The present study envisaged central adiposity is a major risk factor for hypertension in Chakmas rather than ACE (I/D) polymorphism.

In this paper, a generalized mean value contraction is introduced.This contraction is an extension of the contractions of earlier researchers and of the generalized mean value non-expansive mapping. Using the generalized mean value contraction, some fixed point theorems are discussed.