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Insomnia disorder is one of the most common sleep disorders. It has been proposed that hyperarousal plays a significant role in the etiology of insomnia disorder. The Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) is a widely used instrument to assess cognitive and somatic pre-sleep arousal. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish PSAS. Six hundred fifty-one participants were recruited via social media and the internet. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on split-half samples (63.50% and 67.08% females). Convergent, divergent, incremental, and discriminant validity and internal consistency coefficients were assessed in a subsample of 556 participants (62.77% females). A third separate sample of 88 participants (80.68% females) was used to evaluate test-retest reliability. Like the original study, the results of factor analyses yielded a two-factor structure having cognitive (PSAS-C) and somatic (PSAS-S) factors. The correlations of the PSAS, PSAS-C, and PSAS-S with convergent and divergent measures showed that the Turkish form had good convergent validity and acceptable divergent validity. PSAS-C and PSAS-S were able to explain the extra variance in insomnia severity beyond depression, anxiety, and stress. Moreover, insomniacs had significantly higher PSAS-C and PSAS-S scores than good sleepers. Finally, the PSAS, PSAS-C, and PSAS-S had satisfactory internal consistency coefficients (α = .92, .93, and .86) and three-week test-retest correlations (ICC = .90, .90, and .83). The results indicated that the Turkish PSAS was a valid and reliable measure of pre-sleep arousal and could be used in sleep medicine and psychology studies conducted in the Turkish population.

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Insomnia disorder is one of the most common sleep disorders leading to significant distress and lower quality of life. Researchers have proposed that multiple factors such as hyperarousal, conditioning, worry or cortical arousal have roles in predisposition to, initiation, and perpetuation of insomnia disorder. Previously, only few studies investigated the differential effects of intrusive visual imagery and verbal thoughts on pre-sleep arousal or insomnia severity. The aim of the current study was to examine these effects , as well as the moderator role of visual imagery ability on the relationship between intrusive visual imagery and pre-sleep arousal. A path model comprising the variables of intrusive visual imagery, intrusive verbal thoughts, visual imagery ability, pre-sleep arousal, and insomnia severity was tested with 166 participants (Mage = 25.5, SD = 5.26) who met DSM-5 criteria for Insomnia Disorder and had Insomnia Severity Index scores over 8. The results indicated that intrusive visual imagery (β = .45, p < .001), but not intrusive verbal thoughts (β = .16, p = .07), significantly predicted pre-sleep arousal and pre-sleep arousal (β = .46, p < .001) predicted insomnia severity. In addition, the indirect effect of intrusive visual imagery via pre-sleep arousal (IE = .20, p < .001) on insomnia severity was significant. Finally, the moderator role of visual imagery ability on the relationship between intrusive visual imagery and pre-sleep arousal (R2 = .01, F (1, 162) = 2.56, p = .11) was not significant. Intrusive visual imagery plays a more important role in insomnia disorder than intrusive verbal thoughts. Interventions targeting pre-sleep visual imagery may help poor sleepers alleviate their insomnia severity.