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Objective To compare the inhibitory eCects of propiveratropine increased the RV only in normal rats (P<0.01) and oxybutynin had no significant eCect on ine HCl (BUP-4) with those of atropine and oxybutynin on the detrusor instability induced by partial obstruc-RV. Increases in compliance after the administration of each drug were significant only in obstructed rats tion of the bladder neck of female rats. Materials and methods Partial obstruction was created (P<0.01) and were markedly higher after oxybutynin (780%) than after the other drugs (180-250%). The using partial ligation of the proximal urethra in 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats. Both the obstructed rats frequencies and amplitude of SA after injection with each drug were significantly lower only in obstructed and a control group of 15 rats were evaluated cystometrically about 6 weeks later and the values comrats, but in these rats, there were no significant diCerences in this reduction after injecting oxybutynin pared both at baseline and after injection with BUP-4, atropine or oxybutynin. During cystometry, the blador BUP-4, whereas they were significantly greater after injecting oxybutynin than after atropine. der capacity (BC), residual volume (RV), compliance and frequency of spontaneous activity (SA) were Conclusion Partial bladder outlet obstruction successfully created a hyperactive (unstable) bladder, typified determined. Results The BC, RV and frequency of SA were signifiby increased BC, RV, frequency of SA and a marked decrease in compliance. The greater BC, lower MP cantly increased, and compliance markedly decreased, in obstructed compared with normal rats. The micturand frequency and amplitude of SA were prominent after the administration of BUP-4. Thus it is suggested ition pressure was significantly decreased only after injection with BUP-4 in both normal and obstructed that BUP-4 eCectively inhibited bladder instability in rats induced by infravesical outlet obstruction and rats. For both, the BC was increased significantly after injection with atropine or BUP-4 (P<0.05), with the was more eCective than oxybutynin in increasing BC.

International business negotiations are characterized by two levels of differences beyond those found in domestic business negotiations: individual level differences (in negotiator priorities, preferences, perspectives, and scripts) and societal level differences (in national endowments, preferences (tastes), legal, economic and political systems, and government involvement). These differences, which may be viewed by adopting a dual lens approach, include both micro/individual and macro/environment level differences. Moreover, these differences are both beneficial and costly to international negotiations, hence resulting in a dilemma of differences. This article examines both sides of the dilemma and concludes by offering negotiators advice on how to manage the differences inherent to international business exchange.

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