Vertical graphene heterostructures have been introduced as an alternative architecture for electronic devices by using quantum tunneling. Here, we present that the current on/off ratio of vertical graphene field-effect transistors is enhanced by using an armchair graphene nanoribbon as an electrode. Moreover, we report spin-dependent tunneling current of the graphene/MoS 2 heterostructures. When an atomically thin MoS 2 layer sandwiched between graphene electrodes becomes magnetic, Dirac fermions with different spins feel different height of the tunnel barrier, leading to spin-dependent tunneling. Our finding will develop the present

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Background and Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of upper limb dysfunction (ULD) and subtypes after breast cancer surgery and to identify factors associated with late ULD. Methods: Among 191 enrolled patients, 191 were evaluated at 3 months, 187 at 6 months, and 183 at 12 months after surgery. Pain, shoulder range of motion, muscle strength, and arm circumference were assessed. Based on symptoms and physical examinations, the types of ULD common after breast cancer treatment were diagnosed and categorized. Results: The prevalence of ULD after surgery were 24.6%, 20.9%, and 26.8% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The most common types of ULD were pectoralis tightness at 3 and 6 months and lymphedema at 12 months. Patients with pectoralis tightness or lymphedema at 3 or 6 months showed a higher prevalence of rotator cuff disease at 12 months compared with those without early pectoralis tightness or lymphedema. Conclusions: The major post-operative ULD were pectoralis tightness at 3 and 6 months and lymphedema at 12 months. Late ULD such as rotator cuff disease were associated with pectoral tightness or lymphedema at earlier stages. Diagnosis and treatment of ULD should take place as soon as possible after surgery.

ObjectiveTo evaluate quality of life (QOL), upper extremity function and the effect of lymphedema treatment in patients with breast cancer related lymphedema.MethodThe basic data comprised medical records (detailing age, sex, dominant side, location of tumor, cancer stage, operation record, cancer treatment and limb circumferences) and questionnaires (lymphedema duration, satisfaction, self-massage). Further to this, we measured upper extremity function and QOL, administered the DASH (Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand outcome measure) and used the EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer)-QLQ-C30 and the EORTC-QLQ-Br23. Results of these were calculated as main outcome variables.ResultsThe questionnaire responses and arm circumferences of 59 patients with breast cancer related lymphedema were analyzed. In the DASH questionnaire, it was found that the older the lymphedema patient was, the lower their upper extremity function. On the EORTC-QLQ, patients with metastasis had significantly lower scores in physical functioning and role functioning. In terms of upper extremity circumference, there was a significant upper extremity size reduction after lymphedema treatment.ConclusionThere were several dissociations between some subscales of quality of life questionnaires and those of upper extremity functions. Upper extremity function was correlated with the age of breast cancer patients and QOL was influenced by M-stage. Lymphedema treatment was found to be effective in reducing edema in patients with breast cancer related lymphedema.