Electrochemical CO 2 conversion to chemical products is a promising strategy for sustainable industrial development. However, the success of this approach requires an in-depth understanding of catalysis because it involves highly complex multistep reactions. Herein, we suggest a rational design of a hierarchical Bi dendrite catalyst for an efficient conversion of CO 2 to formate. A high selectivity (∼89% at −0.74 V RHE ) and, more importantly, a stable performance during long-term operation (∼12 h) were achieved with the Bi dendrite. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to investigate three possible reaction pathways in terms of surface intermediate, and the one via *OCOH surface intermediate is calculated to be the most energetically feasible. DFT calculations further elucidate the plane-dependent catalytic activity and conclude that the high-index planes developed on the Bi dendrite are responsible for the sustainable performance of Bi dendrite. We expect that our experimental and theoretical study will provide a fundamental guideline for the CO 2 -to-formate conversion pathway as well as design principles for enhancing the catalytic performance.

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Fe III -containing ionic liquids (ILs), prepared from the reaction of anhydrous FeCl 3 and imidazolium chloride ([imidazolium]Cl), were used as effective extractants for the desulfurization of a model oil containing dibenzothiophene (DBT). The amount of DBT extracted increased with an increasing molar ratio of FeCl 3 / [imidazolium]Cl. The ability of the ILs to extract DBT seems to be attributed to the combined effects of Lewis acidity and fluidity of ILs.