Increasing prevalence of healthcare-associated infections due to Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains in a tertiary hospital in Mwanza necessitated the investigation of the surrounding community to assess the clonal spread of genotypes and the prevalence.Methods & Materials: Between April and July 2015, 108 street children were enrolled in a study. Demographic and other relevant data were collected. ESBL screening and confirmation were done using MacConkey Agar supplemented with 2 g/ml of cefotaxime and VITEK ® 2 system respectively. Molecular characterization of the isolates was done by multilocus sequence typing. Data were analyzed using STATA-13 software.Results: The mean age of the enrolled children was 14.2 ± 3.7 years. Among 108 children, 34 (31.5%, 95% CI; 22.7-40.3) carried ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Two children were colonized by both species resulting in a total number of isolates of 36. Of 36 ESBL isolates 30 (83.3%) were E. coli and 6 were K. pneumoniae, p<0.001. Out of 36 isolates 16 (44%), 25 (69%) and 35 (97%) were found to be non-susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. Notably, 4 of the 6 K. pneumoniae isolated were resistant to tigecycline. Eighteen different E. coli sequence types were observed of which ST131 (5/30), ST10 (3/30), ST448 (3/30) and ST617 (3/30) were the most prevalent. ESBL isolation rate was significantly high in children reported to use local herbs (48.9% vs. 21.5%, p=0.003). Conclusion:A high carriage rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was observed in street children which warrants close monitoring and surveillance. Detection of STs 131, 10, 38 and 648 which were previously detected in E. coli isolates from patients, companion and domestic farm animals in the same region calls for "One Health" approach to combat Antimicrobial resistance burden.

A cross-sectional study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs was carried out in backyard farms in three townships, within Nay Pyi Taw area from June 2014 to August 2014. Blood samples were randomly collected from 256 pigs in 129 farms. Using commercial Latex Agglutination Test kits, specific antibodies to T. gondii were analyzed. Based on LAT results, among 256 serum samples examined, 47 samples (18.4%) were found positive to T. gondii. The numbers of samples showing specific antibody titres from 47 positive pig sera were 20 at 1:64, 2 samples at 1:128, 9 samples at 1:256, 3 samples at 1:512 and 13 samples at 1:1024. Among the hypothesized risk factors, roaming of cats around the farm was found associated to T. gondii seropositivity in pigs (OR = 3.13; 95% CI = 1.33–7.34). This study provides information on seroepidemiology study of T. gondii in backyard pigs for the first time in Myanmar. This information will be useful in developing strategies for the control of T. gondii infection in pigs.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of trichinellosis in slaughtered pigs from three slaughterhouses located in Pyinmana, Lewe and Tatkon Townships, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Targeted population was 1,980 slaughtered pigs from those slaughterhouses and 90 pigs were randomly selected during the study period of January to March, 2012. A total of 270 muscle samples (tongue, masseter and diaphragmatic muscles from each pig) from 90 slaughtered pigs were collected and examined for the presence of Trichinella larvae by using artificial digestion method. Among the examined samples, three samples from three pigs (3.3%) showed Trichinella positive. Trichinella larvae were observed from two diaphragmatic muscles and one masseter muscle. In those positive samples, Trichinella larval intensity per gram (lpg) was 0.2. For the determination of associated risk factors of trichinellosis, questionnaire interviews to officials of slaughterhouses and owners of slaughtered pigs were conducted. Among the hypothesized risk factors, the presence of rodents around the pig farm and type of feed (use of uncooked waste feed) were identified as associated risk factors for trichinellosis. Age, gender, body weight, rearing system and use of anthelmintics appeared no association with porcine trichinellosis in this study.

Abstract.A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of trichinellosis in slaughtered pigs from three slaughterhouses located in Pyinmana, Lewe and Tatkon Townships, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. A total of 270 muscle samples (tongue, masseter and diaphragmatic muscles from each pig) from 90 slaughtered pigs were randomly collected and examined for the presence of Trichinella larvae by using artificial digestion method. Three pigs (3.3%) showed Trichinella positive and larval intensity per gram (lpg) was 0.2. For the determination of associated risk factors of trichinellosis, questionnaire interviews to officials of slaughterhouses and owners of slaughtered pigs were conducted. The presence of rodents around the pig farm and type of feed (use of uncooked waste food) were identified as associated risk factors for trichinellosis. Porcine trichinellosis occurred with a low rate of infection in this study.