The etiological agent of epitheliocystis in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush at 2 hatcheries (A and B) in the United States was investigated utilizing light, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Branchial inclusions observed in fish at Hatchery A were dispersed at the base of, and randomly along, the secondary lamellae. They included epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and diffuse lamellar edema and fusion. In fish at Hatchery B the branchial inclusions were located predominantly on the primary lamellae. Pathological alterations were less severe, and were characterized primarily by focal lesions of epithelial hypertrophy. The epitheliocystis particles within the branchial inclusions of fish at both hatcheries exhibited typical chlamydia morphology, size, and developmental stages. A form uncharacteristic of chlamydia was also observed. In addition, a nonchlamydia-like agent was found in branchial tissue of fish at Hatchery B. Immunofluorescent staining of infected branchial tissue with a monoclonal antibody to an antigen specific for the chlamydia genus indicated that the agents lack the lipopolysaccharide common to all known Chlamydia species. Attempts to isolate the agents in McCoy and epithelioma papillosum cyprini (EPC) cell culture systems optirnized for chlamydial growth were unsuccessful, possibly due to the poor condition of tissue samples. Massive mortalities of lake trout observed at the 2 hatcheries were associated with the epitheliocystis infections. Investigations in other laboratories failed to reveal the presence of other agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, ectoparasites) or suboptimal conditions in water quality that might account for the mortalities. The branchial and systemic lesions observed in fish during epizootics are consonant with findings for several epitheliocystis agents and for chlamydia-like agents in other fish species.

<p>To ensure sustainability of fisheries resources, commercial fisheries in New Zealand are monitored by direct control of harvest levels using the Quota Management System. However, there is currently no overall harvest amount for any fishery in New Zealand, which includes harvest amounts across all sectors of fishing: commercial, recreational, customary and other sources of fishing mortality. Having reliable information and data is important when setting and varying harvest levels for each species in each geographical area to ensure the sustainable use of that fishery. This research focuses on the fisheries harvest within Ngāti Kahungnu rohe, between the 2007-2010 fishing years, of 10 key species in New Zealand waters. A variety of different data sources from all sectors, including; commercial, recreational, customary and illegal fishing were used in this research to estimate overall harvest amounts. These estimates are also displayed geographically using heat maps. In order for more reliable estimates of overall harvest to be made there is a need for more consistent data collection between the different fishing sectors, as well as a higher quality of data collection relating to the harvest of fisheries in New Zealand for all sectors of fishing. This research highlights the difficulty of making such estimates and provides an initial template for similar research in other areas around New Zealand. This research also highlights the difficulties faced by Iwi/Māori when attempting to participate in fisheries management. This is not only due to the complexity of fisheries management in New Zealand, with current management and traditional Māori concepts not always aligning, but also the lack of high quality data across all fishing sectors available.</p>

<p>To ensure sustainability of fisheries resources, commercial fisheries in New Zealand are monitored by direct control of harvest levels using the Quota Management System. However, there is currently no overall harvest amount for any fishery in New Zealand, which includes harvest amounts across all sectors of fishing: commercial, recreational, customary and other sources of fishing mortality. Having reliable information and data is important when setting and varying harvest levels for each species in each geographical area to ensure the sustainable use of that fishery. This research focuses on the fisheries harvest within Ngāti Kahungnu rohe, between the 2007-2010 fishing years, of 10 key species in New Zealand waters. A variety of different data sources from all sectors, including; commercial, recreational, customary and illegal fishing were used in this research to estimate overall harvest amounts. These estimates are also displayed geographically using heat maps. In order for more reliable estimates of overall harvest to be made there is a need for more consistent data collection between the different fishing sectors, as well as a higher quality of data collection relating to the harvest of fisheries in New Zealand for all sectors of fishing. This research highlights the difficulty of making such estimates and provides an initial template for similar research in other areas around New Zealand. This research also highlights the difficulties faced by Iwi/Māori when attempting to participate in fisheries management. This is not only due to the complexity of fisheries management in New Zealand, with current management and traditional Māori concepts not always aligning, but also the lack of high quality data across all fishing sectors available.</p>