Of the 187 PIOD patients, the prognostic ability of demographic/clinical factors was analyzed in 65. None predicted the olfactory improvement period. Of the 65 patients, 20 did not respond in the IVO test. In the remaining 45 patients, onset latency (but not the other olfactory test factors) was a significant prognosticator of olfactory improvement period (R=0.24, p = 0.003).

Chronic maxillary atelectasis (CMA) is characterized by a progressive decrease in maxillary sinus volume. The factors that promote the stage progression of CMA remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the time course of anatomical changes in a 40-year-old woman with stage II CMA that progressed to stage III disease. She did not show stage progression until she started to develop repetitive sinus-related symptoms. The stage progression was characterized by ocular symptoms. The repetitive inflammatory episodes may have increased the negative pressure in the affected sinus and weakened the bone walls, thereby promoting stage progression. Thus, a history of repetitive sinus-related symptoms may be a risk factor for stage progression in CMA.

Gustatory rhinitis is a type of nonallergic, noninflammatory rhinitis. A high incidence of rhinorrhea, including gustatory rhinitis, is reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Herein, we report a case of gustatory rhinitis in a patient with a parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P). A 56-year-old man presented with gustatory rhinorrhea and bilateral copious nasal discharge while eating. Three years before visiting the ear, nose, and throat clinic, he developed Parkinsonism and was suspected of having MSA-P. He underwent posterior nasal neurectomy under endoscopic guidance, but it did not significantly reduce the rhinorrhea during eating. Pathological examination of the mucosa of the inferior turbinate demonstrated minimal inflammatory cellular infiltration. Severe (gustatory) rhinitis may also be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of synucleinopathies, including PD and MSA, akin to anosmia, which is a wellknown biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD.

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