Edited by: Michael White New Findings r What is the central question of this study?Can sex-related differences in cutaneous vascular and sudomotor responses be explained primarily by variations in the ratio between body surface area and mass during compensable exercise that elicits equivalent heat-loss requirements and mean body temperature changes across participants? r What is the main finding and its importance?Mass-specific surface area was a significant determinant of vasomotor and sudomotor responses in men and women, explaining 10-48% of the individual thermoeffector variance. Nonetheless, after accounting for changes in mean body temperature and morphological differences, sex explained only 5% of that inter-individual variability. It was concluded that sex differences in thermoeffector function are morphologically dependent, but not sex dependent.Sex is sometimes thought to be an independent modulator of cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor function during heat exposure. Nevertheless, it was hypothesized that, when assessed during compensable exercise that evoked equal heat-loss requirements across participants, sex differences in those thermoeffectors would be explained by variations in the ratio between body surface area and mass (specific surface area). To evaluate that possibility, vasomotor and sudomotor functions were assessed in 60 individuals (36 men and 24 women) with widely varying (overlapping) specific surface areas (range, 232.3-292.7 and 241.2-303.1 cm 2 kg −1 , respectively). Subjects completed two trials in compensable conditions (28°C, 36% relative humidity) involving rest (20 min) and steady-state cycling (45 min) at fixed, area-specific metabolic heat-production rates (light, ß135 W m −2 ; moderate, ß200 W m −2 ). Equivalent heat-loss requirements and mean body temperature changes were evoked across participants. Forearm blood flow and vascular conductance were positively related to specific surface area during light work in men (r = 0.67 and r = 0.66, respectively; both P < 0.05) and during both exercise intensities in women (light, r = 0.57 and r = 0.69; and moderate, r = 0.64 and r = 0.68; all P < 0.05). Whole-body and local sweat rates were negatively related to that ratio (correlation coefficient range, −0.33 to −0.62; all P < 0.05) during both work rates in men and women. Those relationships accounted for 10-48% of inter-individual thermoeffector variance (P < 0.05). Furthermore, after accounting for morphological differences, sex explained no more than 5% of that variability (P < 0.05). It was concluded that, when assessed during compensable

Notley SR, Park J, Tagami K, Ohnishi N, Taylor NAS. Morphological dependency of cutaneous blood flow and sweating during compensable heat stress when heat-loss requirements are matched across participants. J Appl Physiol 121: 25-35, 2016. First published April 28, 2016 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00151.2016.-Human heat loss is thought, in part, to be morphologically related. It was therefore hypothesized that when heat-loss requirements and body temperatures were matched, that the mass-specific surface area alone could significantly explain both cutaneous vascular and sudomotor responses during compensable exercise. These thermoeffector responses were examined in 36 men with widely varying mass-specific surface areas (range, 232.3-292.7 cm 2 /kg), but of similar age, aerobic fitness, and adiposity. Subjects completed two trials under compensable conditions (28.1°C, 36.8% relative humidity), each involving rest (20 min) and steady-state cycling (45 min) at two matched metabolic heatproduction rates (light, ϳ135 W/m 2 ; moderate, ϳ200 W/m 2 ). Following equivalent mean body temperature changes, forearm blood flow and vascular conductance (r ϭ 0.63 and r ϭ 0.65) shared significant, positive associations with the mass-specific surface area during light work (P Ͻ 0.05), explaining ϳ45% of the vasomotor variation. Conversely, during light and moderate work, whole body sweat rate, as well as local sweat rate and sudomotor sensitivity at three of four measured sites, revealed moderate, negative relationships with the mass-specific surface area (correlation coefficient range Ϫ0.37 to Ϫ0.73, P Ͻ 0.05). Moreover, those relationships could uniquely account for between 10 and 53% of those sweating responses (P Ͻ 0.05). Therefore, both thermoeffector responses displayed a significant morphological dependency in the presence of equivalent thermoafferent drive. Indeed, up to half of the interindividual variation in these effector responses could now be explained through morphological differences and the first principles governing heat transfer. surface area; sweating; cutaneous blood flow; heat exchange; morphology THE CAPACITY TO STORE HEAT is size dependent, with larger objects being more thermally stable, and resisting rapid and significant temperature changes. On the other hand, the avenues for physical heat exchange are surface-area dependent. Therefore, for geometrically dissimilar objects of identical composition, heat exchange and storage are tightly linked to the ratio of surface area to mass (mass-specific or specific surface area). These principles also relate to allometric structures, including humans. However, few researchers have considered the possibility that the autonomically driven avenues for heat exchange (vasomotor and sudomotor function) might also share a morphological dependence. Indeed, although our ability to explain interindividual variations in thermoeffector responses is comprehensive (25, 39), we know relatively little about the contribution of body morphology to that modulation. Although this inform...

We aimed to evaluate the effect of warming eyelids on tear-film stability and quality of life (QoL) in video display terminal (VDT) users. A prospective study was conducted and 45 volunteers with ocular symptoms and tear-film instability associated with VDT use were randomly allocated into the study (n = 22) or control groups (n = 23). Subjects in the study group used eyelid warming steamer (EWS) for 2 weeks and tear fluorescein breakup time (TBUT) after single and 2-week EWS treatment, Schirmer I test, ocular surface staining scores, meibomian gland assessment, severity of dry eye disease (DED) and QoL scores after 2-week EWS treatment were analysed. The TBUT improved after both single and 2-week EWS treatment (P = 0.023 and 0.027, respectively) in the study group. The ocular surface staining scores were significantly decreased only in the study group (P = 0.038). About 60% DED patients in the study group shifted towards non-DED and the pattern of distribution was significantly different compared to baseline (P < 0.001). The QoL scores significantly improved in the study group (P = 0.002) with a negative correlation with TBUT. In conclusion, in VDT users with short TBUT, eyelid warming steamer is effective in improving tear-film stability and QoL.

There is now strong evidence that radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure influences the human electroencephalogram (EEG). While effects on the alpha band of the resting EEG have been repeatedly shown, the mechanisms underlying that effect have not been established. The current study used well-controlled methods to assess the RF-EMF exposure effect on the EEG and determine whether that effect might be thermally mediated. Thirty-six healthy adults participated in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced provocation study. A water-perfusion suit (34 C) was worn throughout the study to negate environmental influences and stabilize skin temperature. Participants attended the laboratory on four occasions, the first being a calibration session and the three subsequent ones being exposure sessions. During each exposure session, EEG and skin temperature (8 sites) were recorded continuously during a baseline phase, and then during a 30 min exposure to a 920 MHz GSM-like signal (Sham, Low RF-EMF (1 W/kg) and High RF-EMF (2 W/kg)). Consistent with previous research, alpha EEG activity increased during the High exposure condition compared to the Sham condition. As a measure of thermoregulatory activation, finger temperature was found to be higher during both exposure conditions compared to the Sham condition, indicating for the first time that the effect on the EEG is accompanied by thermoregulatory changes and suggesting that the effect of RF-EMF on the EEG is consistent with a thermal mechanism.

HSG sheets are useful as non-pharmacological methods to relieve symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea.