We propose three computationally efficient methods for finding optimal run curves of electrical trains, all based on the idea of approximating the continuous dynamics of a moving train by a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model. Deterministic continuous train dynamics are converted to stochastic transitions on a discrete model by observing the similarity between the properties of convex combinations and those of probability mass functions. The resulting MDP uses barycentric coordinates to effectively represent the cost-to-go of the approximated optimal control problem. One of the three solution methods uses equal distance steps, as opposed to the usual equal-time steps, to avoidself transitions of the MDP, which allows very fast computation of the cost-to-go in one pass only. IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion (ESARS)This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Abstract-We propose three computationally efficient methods for finding optimal run curves of electrical trains, all based on the idea of approximating the continuous dynamics of a moving train by a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model. Deterministic continuous train dynamics are converted to stochastic transitions on a discrete model by observing the similarity between the properties of convex combinations and those of probability mass functions. The resulting MDP uses barycentric coordinates to effectively represent the cost-to-go of the approximated optimal control problem. One of the three solution methods uses equaldistance steps, as opposed to the usual equal-time steps, to avoid self transitions of the MDP, which allows very fast computation of the cost-to-go in one pass only.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The unoccupied electronic state of delafossite-type PdCoO 2 has been studied using inverse-photoemission spectroscopy (IPES). The Fermi edge and the unoccupied density-of-state (DOS) at the Fermi level (E F ) are not observed in the IPES spectrum measured at the incidence electron energy (E K ) of 100 eV, which corresponds to the Cooper minimum of Pd 4d. The finite DOS at E F is observed in the IPES spectra measured at the lower E K , which the ionization cross section of Pd 4d increases. These findings indicate that the Pd 4d electron is closely related to the low electrical resistivity of PdCoO 2 .