We present block copolymer multiple patterning as an efficient and truly scalable nanolithography for sub-20 nm scale patterning, synergistically integrated with conventional ArF lithography. The directed assembly of block copolymers on chemically patterned substrates prepared by ArF lithography generated linear vertical cylinder arrays with a 20 to 30 nm diameter, enhancing the pattern density of the underlying chemical patterns by a factor of two or three. This self-assembled resolution enhancement technique affords a straightforward route to highly ordered sub-20 nm scale features via conventional lithography.

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Hysterectomy is commonly performed for benign gynecological diseases. Minimally invasive surgical approaches offer several advantages. Unfortunately, few studies have compared the outcomes of different types of minimally invasive surgeries. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes of robotic hysterectomy (RH) and conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy (CLH) in benign gynecologic diseases. We performed a retrospective cohort study at a single center between January 2014 and July 2022. A total of 397 patients (RH: 197 and CLH: 200) who underwent minimally invasive hysterectomy for benign diseases with uterine size exceeding 250 g were enrolled, and factors related to the surgical outcomes were compared. The median age was 46 (range, 35–74) years, and the median uterine weight was 400 (range, 250–2720) g. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding age, body mass index, uterine weight, hospital stay, estimated blood loss, or operating time. Intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups. RH was not inferior to CLH in terms of perioperative and immediate postoperative outcomes in our study.