Ginger has long been used worldwide as a spice, seasoning, and wine and is also used as a traditional medicine. There have been no previous studies of the potential beneficial effects of the ginger constituent 12-dehydrogingerdione (12-DHGD). We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of 12-DHGD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of 12-DHGD was measured using the MTT assay, and production of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a was measured by ELISA. Production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured using Griess reagent and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO (iNOS) enzymes was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with 12-DHGD significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated production of NO (at 12-DHGD concentrations of 150 and 200 ng/ml), IL-6 (at 50, 100, 150, and 200 ng/ml), and PGE 2 (at 200 ng/ml). Consistent with the effects on NO and PGE 2 production, 12-DHGD treatment also inhibited the LPS-stimulated increase in iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels. However, 12-DHGD did not affect production of IL-1b or TNF-a in response to LPS. 12-DHGD, a constituent of ginger, is a potent inhibitor of proinflammatory mediator production in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells.

Regardless of reader experience, there was substantial to almost perfect interreader reliability with the Park system for CNFS based on oblique sagittal MRI.

Fig 1.Landmarks and reference lines used in this study. Ar (Articulare), intersection between posterior cranial base surface and posterior border of condylar head and neck; Pt (Pterygoid point), the posterior point of the pterygopalatine fossa; ANS (anterior nasal spine), Anterior point of the maxilla; PNS (posterior nasal spine), Posterior point of the palatine bone; Me (Menton), the inferior point of the symphysis; Pm (Protuberance menti), the most superior point where the heavy cortical bone of the symphysis ends; Xi, midpoint of the ramus (Ricketts analysis); Rp, intersection between the posterior border of the ramus and the palatal plane; H1, intersection between posterior border of tongue and hyoid bone; H2, the most anterior point of the hyoid bone; T, the most anterior point of the outline of tongue; Palatal plane, al i n ep a s s i n gt h r o u g hA N Sa n dP N S .알려져 왔다. 7 또한 부정교합자의 혀는 정상인과 다 른자 세 나위 치 에 서 의적 응 을보 이 며특 히연 하시 혀의 전방 위치는 개방교합의 발생 원인이 되는 것 으로 알려져 있다. Palate-tongue space, space between tongue and palate from the line perpendicular to the palatal plane at the incisive foramen to the line perpendicular to the palatal plane at the PNS; 3. Nasopharyngeal airway space, area formed by Ar-Pt-PNS-Rp. Fig 3.Anterior-posterior measurements used in this study. 4, At oNp e r p e n d ,d i s t a n c eb e t w e e nAp o i n ta n dn a s i o n perpendicular; 5, Facial convexity, angle formed by nasion, A point and pogonion; 6, Pog to N perpend, distance between pogonion and nasion perpendicular.입력하고 측정기구를 이용하여 면적 및 각도를 측정 하였다 각 측정치는 프로그램 상에서 계측된 수치 . . Method ErrorDahlberg formula : ME = ∑d 2 2n 면적 계측의 오류 범위는 11.33 mm 2 혀와 구개 (. (Table 3). Objective: This study examined the craniofacial morphology of young patients in their prepubertal stage showing class I, II malocclusion, by analyzing lateral cephalograms, and analyzed its relationship with tongue position, tongue space, and airway space in order to ascertain the effects of nasopharyngeal airway and tongue morphology on the form of the malocclusion. Methods: Seventy-six patients aging from 9 to 11 were divided into two groups depending on the ANB difference on the lateral cephalogram: Experimental group (Cl II malocclusion group) showing 0 ANB difference < 4.0; Control group (Cl ≤ Im a l o c c l u s i o ng r o u p )s h o w i n g0A N Bd i f f e r e n c e<4 . 0 .T h et o n g u es p a c e ,s p a c eb e t w e e np a l a t e ≤ and tongue, nasopharyngeal airway space and craniofacial morphology were compared between the two groups. Results: Tongue space, palate-tongue space, nasopharyngeal airway space showed no significant differences between class I and class II malocclusion groups. Hyperdivergent faces were associated with smaller nasopharyngeal airway space. Longer anterior facial height and posterior facial height were associated with larger tongue space, and greater anterior facial height were associated with lower tongue position. Smaller nasopharyngeal airway space showed smaller tongue space. Conclusions: Tongue space and nasopharyngeal airway...

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