Background New early‐ to mid‐season apple cultivars are being developed to help address warmer growing seasons due to climate change. Free sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and phenolic composition were determined in the pulp and peel of six new and six traditional apple cultivars. In addition, the phenolic profiles of apple peels were characterized using high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Forty‐eight polyphenol compounds were identified, by accurate mass, in apple peel. Results Compared to Fuji apples, a new apple cultivar, Decobell, contained 2.6‐ and 1.4‐fold higher levels of the sum of individual polyphenol levels in the peel and the pulp, respectively. Decobell apples showed similar sugar‐to‐acid ratio (0.27) to Fuji apples (0.25). Conclusions The results indicate that the Decobell cultivar could have the best quality characteristics in terms of sugar‐to‐acid ratios and health‐promoting activities due to the phenolic profiles. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Green tea powder was microparticulated and subsequently formulated with glucose and water. The sedimentation volume of green tea powder was effectively reduced by decreasing mean particle dia to less than 10 m. The microstructure of formulated green tea indicated that glucose served as a core material, and green tea powder was attached to the surface of the glucose particles. The formulated green tea powder was instantly dispersed in cold (4 Њ Њ Њ Њ ЊC) water or milk even in the unstirred state. The optimum formulation ratio based on sensory quality and microstructure was 1:1.5 (green tea powder:glucose).

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Early- to mid-season apple cultivars have recently been developed in response to global warming; however, their metabolite compositions remain unclear. Herein, metabolites, such as free sugars, and organic acids and antioxidant activity were determined in 10 new and 14 traditional apple cultivars. Additionally, the phenolic profiles of the apple pulp and peel were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Major phenolic compounds in apples varied depending on the cultivar and tissue (i.e., peel or pulp). Among the new apple cultivars, Decobell and Tinkerbell, showed high antioxidant activity and contained higher phenolic compound content than other cultivars in the peel and pulp, respectively. Honggeum showed high phenolic content with similar sugar to acid ratio compared to popular traditional cultivars. In addition to antioxidant phenolic contents, metabolite profile information can be used to select apple cultivars for various purposes. For example, Indo can be selected for sweet apple taste because of its higher sugar to acid ratio. This information can be used to select apple cultivars for various purposes. For example, Decobell peel could be used as sources of food supplements and food additives, and Tinkerbell pulp can be utilized for apple juice making according to its metabolite profile.

SummaryA flat-bed hollow-fiber cell culture system has been developed which maximizes the utilization of the large fiber surface while diminishing significantly the problems inherent in a cartridge-type reactor. The reactor core consists of a shallow bed of hollow fibers sandwiched between two stainless-steel microporous filter plates through which the media flow is directed normal to the plane of the fiber bed. Reactors with both 930 and 9300 cm2 of fiber surface have been successfully constructed and operated. A variety of cells has been grown in these reactors including SV3T3 cells, baby hamster kidney cells, Vero cells, and rhesus monkey kidney cells, and cell products such as plasminogen activator and migration inhibition factor (MIF) were produced. This system offers an excellent prototype for scaleup design.