A aprovação da nova LDB, em 1996, levou à elaboração de Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) baseadas em competências necessárias para os médicos atuarem frente às novas tecnologias e para enfrentarem os desafios do desenvolvimento do SUS. Analisar a implantação das DCN no Paraná, verificando as características da formação dos profissionais de Medicina, foi o objetivo desta publicação específica, que faz parte dos dados coletados numa pesquisa mais ampla, apoiada pelo edital universal do CNPq (Proc. 474.029/2003-04). O estudo foi realizado com uma abordagem qualitativa e análise de conteúdo. Fez-se um levantamento das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) que oferecem cursos de Medicina, coletando-se os dados por questionário e pelas informações dos Projetos Político-Pedagógicos (PPP) obtidos, com instrumento baseado em sete eixos das DCN. Dois cursos apresentam grau avançado de implantação das DCN, um mostra iniciativa da implantação de alguns aspectos, e dois outros seguem formatos curriculares bem tradicionais. Os dados obtidos sugerem a existência de uma motivação para a inovação do ensino médico no Paraná, o que se traduz em currículos idealizados com vários princípios inspirados nas DCN.

Abstract. The development of analytical tools to determine the origin of fishes is useful to better understand patterns of habitat use and to monitor, manage, and control fisheries, including certification of food origin. The application of isotopic analyses to study calcified structures of fishes (scales, vertebrae, and otoliths) may provide robust information about the fish geographic origin and environmental living conditions. In this study, we used Sr and C isotopic markers recorded in otoliths of wild and farmed commercialized pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) to evaluate their prediction potential to trace the fishes origin. Wild and farmed fish specimens, as well as food used for feeding pirarucu in captivity, were collected from different sites. Isotope composition of otoliths performed by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS; δ13C) and femtosecond laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAfs-MC-ICPMS; 87Sr∕86Sr) were compared to the isotopic composition of water and of the food given to the fishes in the farms. Wild fish specimens that lived in environments with the largest fluctuation of river water Sr isotope ratios over time presented the largest Sr isotope variations in otoliths. A quadratic discriminant analysis on otolith isotopic composition provided 58 % of correct classification for fish production (wild and farmed) and 76 % of correct classification for the fish region. Classification accuracy for region varied between 100 % and 29 % for the Madeira and the Lower Amazon fishes, respectively. Overall, this preliminary trial is not yet fully developed to be applied as a commercial traceability tool. However, given the importance of Arapaima spp. for food security and the generation of economic resources for millions of people in the Amazon basin, further analyses are needed to increase the discrimination performance of these biogeographical tags.

Freshwater environments host roughly half of the world’s fish diversity, much of which is concentrated in large, tropical river systems such as the Amazon. Fishes are critical to ecosystem functioning in the Amazon River basin but face increasing human threats. The basic biology of these species, and particularly migratory behaviour, remains poorly studied, in part owing to the difficulty associated with conducting tagging studies in remote tropical regions. Otolith microchemistry can circumvent logistical issues and is an increasingly important tool for studying fish life histories. However, this approach is still new in the Amazon, and its potential and limitations to inform fish conservation strategies remain unclear. Here, otolith microchemistry studies in the Amazon are reviewed, highlighting current possibilities, and several key factors that limit its use as a conservation tool in the Amazon are discussed. These include the dearth of spatiotemporal elemental data, poor understanding of environment–fish–otolith pathways, and insufficient funding, facilities, and equipment. A research initiative is proposed to harness the potential of this technique to support conservation in the Amazon. Key aspects of the proposal include recommendations for internal and external funding, which are critical to acquiring and maintaining technical staff, cutting‐edge equipment, and facilities, as well as fostering regular scientific meetings and working groups. Meetings can facilitate a systematic approach to investigating environment–otolith pathways, broadening the chemical baseline for most Amazonian tributaries, and exploring potential valuable elements. These outcomes are urgently needed to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the Amazon, especially given threats such as widespread hydroelectric damming. The initiative proposed here could make otolith microchemistry an important, cost‐effective tool to inform and foster conservation in the Amazon, and act as a template for other imperilled tropical river basins, such as the Mekong and the Congo.

Species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, the long-whiskered catfishes, are important in commercial and recreational fisheries in South America, and some species have become key to regional aquaculture. Some species of the genus are under pressure due to overfishing and the negative impacts of dams. Six questions are asked in this review: (i) What species are in the genus, and where are they distributed? (ii) What are the life histories and ecologies of Pseudoplatystoma species? (iii) What are the patterns of somatic growth for these species? (iv) What is known about the biomass, production, and population dynamics of Pseudoplatystoma? (v) What is the geographic distribution of genetic variation within Pseudoplatystoma species? (vi) What are the threats to the conservation of these species? The taxonomy of the genus currently includes eight species, respectively, distributed over the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraná, and São Francisco basins. Pseudoplatystoma catfishes typically exhibit longitudinal migrations for reproduction and lateral migration for feeding, but these patterns may vary among populations. The size of the first maturation of these catfishes varies between 57 cm to 82 cm in total length. Five of the eight species spawn during the rising water season. Pseudoplatystoma species can grow to about 130 cm in total length and 100 Kg in weight and live until 30 years of age, depending upon the species. Biomass production and population dynamics of these catfishes have not yet been fully described. Their life-history characteristics indicate that they are periodic strategists with associated population recruitment dynamics. Population genetic patterning varies among Pseudoplatystoma species, with some degree of homing behavior and genetic differentiation among populations, indicating the need for management by applying the Management Unit and perhaps Evolutionary Significant Unit concepts. The main threats to the persistence of these catfishes are overfishing and alterations in and obstruction of river flow due to the construction of hydropower dams. After synthesizing existing information on species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, we offer suggestions for future research to fill critical gaps in the knowledge of this group.

Agradeço primeiramente à Deus, por ter me abençoado, protegido e permitido concluir essa experiência de vida. Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da UnB, ao Laboratório de Estudos geocronológicos, geodinâmicos e ambientais da UnB, à CAPES e ao laboratório MARBEC da França pela oportunidade e financiamento da pesquisa. E ao meu orientador Roberto Ventura Santos, por ter acreditado em mim, me ensinado e me apoiado. Obrigada professor! Ao Marc Pouilly, que me ensinou, corrigiu e indicou os caminhos com a maior boa vontade do mundo. Obrigada Professor! Ao Fabrice Duponchelle pelo apoio. Este trabalho foi iniciado no contexto dos projetos FRB-Marmiped e LMI-Edia, fundados pelo IRD (Institut de recherch pour le développement). Especialmente, à Marília, meu anjo da guarda, que me incentivou, ensinou, apoiou, coletou e analisou quando foi preciso. Obrigada amiga! Aos meus professores que me ensinaram com amor e paciência.