The kidney, as an organ, quite often appears as the target of immune system dysregulation in the context of a primary or systemic disease. Glomerulonephritis (GL) is the most common clinical and pathological manifestation of this process. Currently, there is no unified view on the classification of GN. However, the study and recognition of the pathophysiological mechanisms of GN made it possible to determine the immunological features, biomarkers and genetic aspects of the disease. In the review, we update modern ideas about the genetic factors, etiology, immunopathogenesis of primary GN, and the variety of damage to each of the components of the glomerular filtration barrier, including the endothelium of glomerular capillaries, glomerular basement membrane and podocytes. Special attention is paid to the pathogenesis of various morphological forms of primary GN, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of the disease (markers of blood, urine, histopathological and genetic markers).