Lichen planus (LP) is an autoimmune, mucocutaneous, T-cell mediated chronic inflammatory disease that involves the oral mucosa. The prevalence of LP is 0.04–2% in general population with a female predilection. Patients with skin lesions also manifest oral lesions predominantly and about 25% present with only oral lesions. The aim of the systematic review is to analyze the serum cortisol levels in LP patients to elucidate the role of cortisol in pathogenesis of the lesion. A comprehensive search was done using electronic data bases such as PUBMED, EMBASE, SCIENCE DIRECT, COCHRANE, GOOGLE, manual search, and back references of the articles were extracted. A total of seven relevant articles were reviewed and analyzed. Electronic database and manual search identified 55 articles. Out of which, 33 were excluded after reading titles and removing duplication and 23 studies were evaluated in detail after reading the abstract and full text. A final of seven studies were included based on the inclusion criteria to meet the research question. All the studies analyzed the serum cortisol levels in LP patients and also in healthy subjects. Within the limitations of this review, it can be inferred that Cortisol is an established stress hormone and Serum cortisol estimation could be an important indicator in identifying susceptible oral lichen planus patients.

Background: Determination of sex, age, race, and stature are the first steps in firmly identifying a cadaver. As a result, assessing age is important, and the estimation should be as authentic as possible. Age determination is also crucial at this stage of human remains discovered during archaeology because it enables us to evaluate ancient population mortality rates. The dental age of an individual is crucial in determining one's age. It is often combined with skeletal age to enhance the accuracy of age estimation. Dental radiological imaging has been commonly used in age estimation as a noninvasive technology. On radiographs, determining age-related changes such as crown and root growth. Materials and methods: The study samples were retrieved from DIAS of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals between the retrospective months from November  2020 to February 2021. The study included 200 OPGs (100 females and 100 boys)  ranging in age from 10 to 19.9 years old. They were evaluated by using Modified Gleiser and Hunt method. Results: The study reveals that the standard estimate error is low for the selected population which implies that the selected OPGs for the study and scoring of root maturation is proper, though there is no statistical significance. Conclusion: By using this parameter involving the root maturation of 48 by radiographic view, the Forensic Odontologist can determine age which is the backbone of medicolegal cases.

Background: Since time immemorial, Condyles has been the area of interest for anthropologists, and the condyle size in men is higher than that of women. The condyle measurement is usually studied in two planes, i.e. anteroposterior and mediolateral, which are more gender-alliant. Different conventional X-rays are used for condylar imaging whose panoramic views of both condyles are provided by the OPG. For the creation of biological profiles during mass disasters the skull has remained useful. However, the technical procedures must in most cases be based on fragmented skull bones, when the whole skull is not available. Materials and Methods: The study samples were retrieved from DIAS of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals between the retrospective months from November 2020 to February 2021. The study sample consisted of 300 OPG’s (150 males and 150 females), which were taken using Genoray Papaya machine, of age ranging from 10 to 24.9 years in which mandibular condylar height was measured using PlanmecaRomexis Software. Results: The standard deviation for evaluation of condylar height for female is ±4.38 while for males it is ±4.91.The standard error mean for condylar height for females is 0.35808 and for males is 0.40136 with non-significant p value of 0.893. Conclusion: By analysing the condylar mandibular height, the results of this study could improve human identification.For validation and comparison purposes, further research may be required in order to expand other associated parameters into a broader sample size.

Tobacco is a South American herb derived from Nicotiana tabacum whose leaves contain 2%-8% nicotine and serve as the source for both smoking and smokeless tobacco forming the basis of health hazards. [1] In 1492, Columbus discovered that Native Americans used tobacco for both its pleasurable effects and for treating diseases. Tobacco was also mixed with equal parts of slaked lime and was used as a toothpaste by Native Americans. Even in India today, tobacco powder is used to whiten the teeth and commercially sold as tobacco toothpaste. In the 1500s, the medicinal property of tobacco was more prevalent in America and Europe. Only in the 1600s, tobacco faced its criticism as a medicinal herb and ill effects of tobacco abuse were noted. Around 1828, nicotine was isolated from tobacco and its medicinal use started decreasing.In the late twentieth century, tobacco abuse emerged globally affecting all age groups and increasing the death rates. [1] The main component of tobacco, nicotine, causes individuals to become addicted. Nicotine in small amounts is lethal by nature. Inhalation of nicotine released from tobacco smoke enters the body and affects all the organs. Nicotine in small amounts simulates the brain and central nervous system (CNS) and larger amounts depresses the brain and CNS. Nicotine vapors also increase the blood pressure and heart rate in smokers. [1] Tobacco use contributes to the majority of oral, larynx, and lung cancers. A 2010 analysis conducted in the US stated that around 9000 premature