Analytical transmission electron microscopy was employed to characterize the precipitation at each step of the fabrication process and thermomechanical treatment of an industrial dual-phase steel microalloyed with titanium. Theoretical thermodynamic calculations as well as experimental analysis showed that more than half of the titanium carbosulfide (Ti 4 C 2 S 2 ) precipitates would dissolve during reheating at 1240 ЊC. Despite this dissolution at 1240 ЊC, the remaining titanium carbonitrides and carbosulfides were effective in pinning austenitic grain boundaries, keeping the austenitic grain size at around 40 m (at 1240 ЊC). It is also shown that, during hot rolling, there exist three regions of titanium carbide precipitation. The first is defined by an increase of titanium carbide precipitation due to deformation. The second region is marked by the insignificant change in precipitation. The third region is indicated by another increase in precipitation due to the austenite-to-ferrite transformation. The experimental and theoretical results on the contribution of TiC precipitation to hardening of ferrite (Orowan mechanism) were in excellent agreement, showing that TiC precipitates have the most important effect on increasing the yield strength, overshadowing the austenitic grain-boundary pinning contributions by Ti(C,N) and Ti 4 C 2 S 2 precipitates.

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