Parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the hippocampus play a critical role in animal memory, such as spatial working memory. However, how PV-positive interneurons in the subregions of the hippocampus affect animal behaviors remains poorly defined. Here, we achieved specific and reversible activation of PV-positive interneurons using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology. Inducible DREADD expression was demonstrated in vitro in cultured neurons, in which co-transfection of the hM3D-Gq-mCherry vector with a Cre plasmid resulted in a cellular response to hM3Dq ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) stimulation. In addition, the dentate gyrus (DG) of PV-Cre mice received bilateral injection of control lentivirus or lentivirus expressing double floxed hM3D-Gq-mCherry. Selective activation of PV-positive interneurons in the DG did not affect locomotor activity or depression-related behavior in mice. Interestingly, stimulation of PV-positive interneurons induced an anxiolytic effect. Activation of PV-positive interneurons appears to impair social interaction to novelty, but has no effect on social motivation. However, this defect is likely due to the anxiolytic effect as the exploratory behavior of mice expressing hM3D-Gq is significantly increased. Mice expressing hM3D-Gq did not affect novel object recognition. Activation of PV-positive interneurons in the DG maintains intact cued and contextual fear memory but facilitates fear extinction. Collectively, our results demonstrated that proper control of PV interneurons activity in the DG is critical for regulation of the anxiety, social interaction and fear extinction. These results improve our fundamental understanding of the physiological role of PV-positive interneurons in the hippocampus.

The technology of surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry can be used to screen and identify differentially expressed proteins associated with different radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal cancer. It should be a very useful tool for predicting radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

trials conversation with their provider. Patients who had not started treatment or were on first-line treatment reported lower discussion rates (30%) than those on later treatment lines (60%). Among patients with follow up, 13 of 20 patients who had not discussed trials with their provider reported doing so after navigation. Ten of eleven patients that had a previous trial conversation initiated an additional one. Primary reasons given for not talking discussing after navigation were having stable disease on a current treatment or waiting for a clinical result. Ten patients reported contacting a trial. Primary reasons for not contacting a trial after discussion were disease progression, choosing a standard of care alternative, or waiting for a clinical result. Four patients have enrolled on a trial. Two patients were determined ineligible for a trial they approached for not meeting listed eligibility criteria and two for reasons not appearing in public trial information. Conclusion: We identified barriers throughout the clinical trials consideration and enrollment process. One set of barriers was related to care coordination, as exemplified by low rates of trial discussion during early stages of treatment and patient reports of delayed trial consideration when currently receiving treatment or waiting on a clinical result. Communication of trial information was another area presenting barriers, as exemplified by exclusion of patients from trials for reasons not readily apparent from public trial information. Improving integration of trial discussion during care and ensuring availability of accurate, updated trial information may be essential to increase trial participation.Background: In our recent decade we are seen new drugs coming up with high speed development to attend personalized conditions in lung cancer treatment. After the first TKI for EGFR mutation, many other target drugs such as TKI for ALK/ROS1 alteration, third-generation EGFR TKI, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies bring together an improvement in survival with better quality of life than chemotherapies. But this new specialty drugs are also testing the affordability of the market with new launched ceiling prices. Frequently, their prices have been settled down in a context of an unmet condition appeal rather than the truly health benefits. In pricing it is a common practice to use the external reference price between countries to align the prices based on international market. But if the first price is launched (frequently in USA) in countries that don't use metrics based on evidence or clinical benefits, the price plateau could be replicated even without necessarily deserving this price. The objective of this presentation is to show the price comparison of drugs included in TKI class and immunotherapy class between high and middle-income countries. Then to compare the cost-treatment of therapies commonly used in advanced lung cancer and their magnitude of clinical benefit. Method: All local currencies were converted to US dollars using PPP factor. ...

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IntroductionDeep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation under general anaesthesia (GA) has been applied to patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) with severe comorbidities or disabling off-medication symptoms. However, general anaesthetics may affect intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) to varying degrees. At present, there are few studies on the effects of sedatives or general anaesthetics on multiunit activity characteristics performed by MER in patients with PD during DBS. Therefore, the effect of the choice of anaesthesia on MER remains unclear.Methods/designThis is a prospective randomised controlled, non-inferiority study that will be carried out at Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Patients undergoing elective bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN)-DBS will be enrolled after careful screening for eligibility. One hundred and eighty-eight patients will be randomised to receive either conscious sedation (CS) or GA at a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome is the proportion of high normalised root mean square (NRMS) recorded by the MER signal.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital of Capital Medical University (KY2022-147-02). Negative study results will indicate that GA using desflurane has a non-inferior effect on MER during STN-DBS compared with CS. The results of this clinical trial will be presented at national or international conferences and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT05550714.