Post-discharge surveillance of surgical site infection is necessary if accurate rates of infection following surgery are to be available. We undertook a prospective study of 376 knee and hip replacements in 366 patients in order to estimate the rate of orthopaedic surgical site infection in the community. The inpatient infection was 3.1% and the post-discharge infection rate was 2.1%. We concluded that the use of telephone interviews of patients to identify the group at highest risk of having a surgical site infection (those who think they have an infection) with rapid follow-up by a professional trained to diagnose infection according to agreed criteria is an effective method of identifying infection after discharge from hospital.

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of overweight and obese women in the antenatal and perinatal periods, in rural hospitals; and to evaluate neonatal and maternal outcomes, including transfer to larger birthing centres.DesignA retrospective clinical chart audit.SettingRural maternity services in five Queensland rural hospitals.ParticipantsData were collected from 250 women presenting to participating rural hospitals, with an estimated due date in 2016.Main outcome measuresObstetric and neonatal data, whether transfer occurred, mode of delivery and any complications, and neonatal outcomes including birth weight and complications were collected. Demographic information collected included maternal age, gravidity and parity, race, smoking status and pre‐pregnancy body mass index. The main outcome measures of interest were birth weight, Caesarean rate, transfer rate and diagnosis of gestational diabetes in relation to the body mass index.ResultsOver 50% of women were overweight or obese while entering pregnancy, with 5.2% of mothers in the morbidly obese category. There was an increase in the birth weight of mothers with a body mass index of more than 25. The increasing body mass index was associated with an increased likelihood of transfer, diagnosis of gestational diabetes, elective and, especially, emergency Caesareans performed at the hospital. Twenty‐four percent of women continued to smoke throughout pregnancy.ConclusionA high prevalence of obesity was found in the rural obstetric population. As the body mass index increases, so too does birth weight, gestational diabetes, transfer rate and Caesarean section rate. The rates of smoking throughout pregnancy were higher than the average metropolitan rates. These findings have implications not just for rural hospital operation and resources, but also for preventive health activities in rural communities.

Objective:The objective of this study is to define the epidemiology of melanoma in rural communities in southern Queensland. Design: The design used was a 6-year clinical record audit of melanoma cases identified by billing records and electronic clinical records, confirmed and typed with histology. Setting and Participants: This study was based on seven agricultural communities on the Darling Downs with patients presenting to local primary care clinics. Main outcome measures: Outcomes measured were confirmed type, depth and anatomic distribution of melanoma identified at these practices during the study period. Results:The results from 317 cases of melanoma found anatomic distribution was significantly different (χ 2 = 9.6, P < 0.05) to that reported previously from the Queensland Cancer Registry. A high proportion (87%) of melanoma diagnosed by these general practitioners were 1 mm or less when treated. Conclusions: Conclusions drawn from these findings are that melanoma risk is not so much lesser in rural, inland communities compared with coastal and metropolitan regions, but different. Differences may relate to comprehensive data capture available in rural community studies and to different sun exposure and protection behaviours. The higher proportion of melanoma identified at early stages suggests rural primary care is an effective method of secondary prevention. K E Y W O R D Sepidemiology, melanoma, rural

Background: Influenza is a respiratory infection caused primarily by influenza A and B viruses. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza and its complications. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) provides recommendations regarding seasonal influenza vaccines annually to the Public Health Agency of Canada (the Agency). Objective: To summarize the NACI recommendations regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines for the 2016-2017 influenza season. Methods: Annual influenza vaccine recommendations are developed by NACI's Influenza Working Group for consideration and approval by NACI, based on NACI's evidence-based process for developing recommendations, and include a consideration of the burden of influenza illness and the target populations for vaccination; efficacy and effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of influenza vaccines; vaccine schedules; and other aspects of influenza immunization. These recommendations are published annually on the Agency's website in the NACI Advisory Committee Statement: Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza and Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (the Statement). Results: The annual NACI seasonal influenza vaccine recommendations have been updated for the 2016-2017 influenza season to include adults with neurologic or neurodevelopment conditions among the groups for whom influenza vaccination is particularly recommended; to include the new high-dose, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for use in adults 65 years of age and older; to recommend that egg-allergic individuals may also be vaccinated against influenza using the low ovalbumin-containing live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) licensed for use in Canada (NACI has previously recommended that egg-allergic individuals may be vaccinated using inactivated influenza vaccines); and to remove the preferential recommendation for the use of LAIV in children 2-17 years of age. Two addenda to the 2016-2017 Statement address these new LAIV recommendations. Conclusion: NACI continues to recommend annual influenza vaccination for all individuals aged six months and older, with particular focus on people at high risk of influenza-related complications or hospitalization, people capable of transmitting influenza to those at high risk and others as indicated.

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