SummaryWe developed evidence-based recommendations for the minimisation of errors in intravenous drug administration in anaesthesia from a systematic review of the literature that identified 98 relevant references (14 with experimental designs or incident reports and 19 with reports of cases or case series). We validated the recommendations using reports of drug errors collected in a previous study. One general and five specific strong recommendations were generated: systematic countermeasures should be used to decrease the number of drug administration errors in anaesthesia; the label on any drug ampoule or syringe should be read carefully before a drug is drawn up or injected; the legibility and contents of labels on ampoules and syringes should be optimised according to agreed standards; syringes should (almost) always be labelled; formal organisation of drug drawers and workspaces should be used; labels should be checked with a second person or a device before a drug is drawn up or administered.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the crude protein quality of the two mealworm species Alphitobius diaperinus (AD) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) across different processing methods of AD using the crude protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) based on rat trials. Rats (66±3 g) were kept in single enclosures and fed diets containing 10% crude protein. The eight treatments were freeze-dried TM, freeze-dried AD, defatted AD, extruded AD, formic acid hydrolysed AD, industrial-dried AD, vacuum-dried AD and addition of an enzyme blend to the freeze-dried AD product (n=6 rats). Total collection of faeces and urine was obtained daily during a 4 day sampling period. The results showed that the sulphur-containing amino acids were the limiting amino acids for all treatments. Freeze-dried AD had a better protein quality compared to freeze-dried TM (0.82 and 0.76 for PDCAAS, respectively). Addition of the enzyme blend used in this experiment did not affect PDCAAS. Defatting, extruding and industrial-drying induced a small decrease of protein quality (0.79-0.80), and vacuum drying and acid hydrolysis had more severe effects (0.77 and 0.74 for PDCAAS, respectively). In conclusion, AD is promising as food due to its high protein content of 62% dry matter and due to its high true protein digestibility (91-94% across all treatments). Furthermore, common processing methods such as defatting, industrial drying and extrusion can be applied without major effects on the product’s ability to meet human dietary requirements for specific amino acids (0.79-0.82 for PDCAAS).

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