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Аннотация. В статье приводятся доказательства самостоятельности электронной формы сделок. Одним из таких доказательств являются особенности электронного документа, который в случае заключения договора в электронной форме является средством фиксации волеизъявления сторон. Электронный документ -это совокупность реквизитов с информацией, записанной на электронном носителе длительного пользования в форме цифрового кода. Электронный документ может существовать в виде файла машинной информации любого формата либо в виде компьютерной программы, позволяющей заключать договоры в киберпространстве. Электронный документ в виде файла следует считать электронным статическим документом. Он внешне похож на традиционный документ, однако его реквизиты зафиксированы на электронном, а не на бумажном носителе информации. Электронный документ в виде компьютерной программы следует считать электронным динамическим гипертекстовым документом. Он кардинально отличается от документа в традиционной письменной форме, что позволяет обосновать самостоятельность электронной формы сделки, ее несводимость к обычной письменной форме.Ключевые слова: форма сделки, письменная форма сделки, электронная форма сделки, электронный документ, электронный динамический гипертекстовый документ.

The article examines the changes that will be made to the legislation of the Russian Federation in connection with the introduction by the Bank of Russia of the retail model of the digital ruble (model D). The legal analysis was carried out on the basis of two concepts of the digital ruble (2020 and 2021) developed by the Bank of Russia, as well as a package of bills on amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 161-FZ of June 27, 2011 “On the National Payment System” and a number of other laws. As a result of the analysis of the retail two-tier model of the digital ruble with the role of financial institutions as settlement participants (model D), it was concluded that, according to the proposed mechanism, the Bank of Russia is forced to enter into contractual legal relations not only with credit institutions, but also directly with their clients — individuals and legal entities. It is reasonable to distinguish the levels of the banking system depending on what kind of clientele the respective bank serves. If a bank provides banking services to customers who do not have the status of a credit institution, then this is a second-tier bank. If the bank serves clients with the status of a credit institution, then this is a first-tier bank of the banking system. The introduction of Model D in the form in which it is described in the Concept of the Bank of Russia for 2021 and in the package of bills will actually erase the differences between the two levels of the banking system.

The paper substantiates the author’s proposal to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which is explained by the gradual creation of a digital economy in the Russian Federation. In particular, the author has examined and solved the following problems of the legal regulation of civil law relations in the context of digitalization: the problem of identifying the object of digital rights, the problem of legal qualification of the electronic form of the transaction, the problem of using a smart contract in civil transactions, the problem of using blockchain technology to create mixed payment systems. The paper proposes a non-standard solution to each of these problems—the author has prepared a draft federal law "On Amendments to Parts One and Two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in terms of legal relations arising in cyberspace." In particular, the author proposes to define digital rights as the absolute and relative rights to digital property named in this capacity, the content and conditions of implementation of which are determined by the law and the rules of the information system (protocol) that meets the characteristics established by the law. In the author’s opinion, an electronic document can exist in the form of a machine information file of any format or a computer program that meets the characteristics of an electronic document.