Background: There are conflicting data on the effects of dysbiosis-inducing drugs, and especially antibiotics (ATBs), on clinical outcomes in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). There is a particular lack of data for patients with melanoma. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective study of the associations between ATBs and other drugs known to modify the gut microbiota (proton pump inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, opioids, anti-vitamin K, levothyroxine, vitamin D3, antiarrhythmics, metformin and phloroglucinol), overall survival (OS) and tumor response in consecutive cancer patients (particularly those with melanoma) treated with an ICI (ipilimumab, nivolumab or pembrolizumab) over a 9-year period. Results: A total of 372 patients were included. The mean ± standard deviation age was 64.0 ± 12.1 years. The most frequently prescribed ICI was nivolumab (in 58.3% of patients) and the most frequent indications were lung cancer (44.6%) and melanoma (29.6%). Overall, 112 patients (30.1%) had received ATBs. ATB use was associated with (1) shorter OS in the study population as a whole [adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.38 (1.00–1.90), p = 0.048] and in patients with melanoma [adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI): 2.60 (1.06–6.39), p = 0.037], and (2) a lower response rate in the study population as a whole [8.1%, versus 31.1% in patients not treated with ATBs; adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 6.06 (2.80–14.53), p < 0.001] and in patients with melanoma [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 4.41 (1.04–22.80), p = 0.045]. Sensitivity analyses that minimized the indication bias did not reveal an association between OS and the presence of an infection requiring ATBs (quantified as the severity of infection, hospitalization for an infection, or ICI discontinuation). Other dysbiosis-inducing drugs were not associated with a difference in OS. Conclusion: Unlike other dysbiosis-inducing drugs, ATBs were associated with poorer clinical outcomes in ICI-treated patients overall and in the subset of patients with melanoma.
Background: Based on their indications, systemic corticosteroids appear to negatively affect clinical outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-treated patients. There are few data on the influence of topical and inhaled corticosteroids on the ICIs’ effectiveness. Methods: In a single-center study, we retrospectively investigated the impact of systemic corticosteroids according to their indication [an immune-related adverse event (irAE) or another indication] on overall survival (OS) and the tumor response in all consecutive patients after initiation of ipilimumab, nivolumab or pembrolizumab over a 9-year period. The impacts of topical and inhaled corticosteroids were also examined. Results: Three hundred and seventy-two patients were included. The mean ± standard deviation age was 64.0 ± 12.1 years. The most frequently prescribed ICI was nivolumab (in 58.3% of the patients) and the most frequent indications were lung cancer (44.6%) and melanoma (29.6%). Systemic corticosteroid use for an irAE did not have a negative impact on OS [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.04 (0.56–1.95), p = 0.902] or the best overall tumor response [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) 1.69 (0.52–6.56), p = 0.413], while systemic corticosteroid use for another indication was associated with shorter OS [adjusted HR (95% CI) 1.34 (1.05–2.03), p = 0.046] and a poor best overall tumor response [adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.04 (1.07–5.80), p = 0.039] with a cumulative dose cut-off of 3215 mg prednisolone equivalent (specificity 71.4%; sensitivity 65.3%) and a time cut-off of 132 days (specificity 71.4%; sensitivity 89.8%). The use of topical corticosteroids was associated with a longer OS; this was probably due to dermatological irAEs. Inhaled corticosteroid use did not influence OS. Conclusion: Systemic corticosteroid use for an irAE does not impact OS or the tumor response, whereas use for other indications (themselves often associated with a worse prognosis) does. Topical and inhaled steroids do not have a negative impact on OS.
Permanent pulmonary arterial hypertension is a standard part of the prognosis for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. As a decrease of pulmonary arterial hypoxic vasoconstriction may be obtained by calcium antagonists, we studied the effects of nifedipine (10 mg sublingually) in 10 patients with chronic repsiratory insufficiency without acute respiratory failure. Our results show that maximal expiratory air flow was not altered. The pulmonary antihypertensive action of this drug, which is less effective than oxygen breathing at low concentration, was associated with a constant decrease of arterial oxygen partial pressure; the oxygen transport was not sustained for everey patient. This result suggests that considerable caution should be exercised in using this drug for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency without acute failure.
Foraiation des noyaux tertiaires.il. Les f|ualre noyaux adultes ; les filaments coiinec-"23seule assise, contre la paroi du sac, où ils se Irouvenl plongés dans une couche de protoplasme. C'est alors seulement, quand aucun noyau ne se divise plus, rpi'apparaissent, entre eux, des filaments connectifs nouveaux, les reliant les uns aux autres, par des tonnelets à Téquateur desquels se produit une cloison tout d'abord albuminoïde et qui, bientôt, est dédoublée par une lame mitoyenne cellulosique. On saitquelcs alvéoles ainsi façonnées ne tardent pas à se fermer par une cloison latérale interne qui active la formation de la cellule. Chez certaines espèces, l'apparition des cloisons est plus tardive encore ; c'est ce qui arrive, par exemple, chez les Leucoiumel les Gcdant hus éiuâiés par GuiGNARD (1,207). Leur sac embryonnaire s'agrandit considérablement après la fécondation, et les noyaux libres sont très rapprochés les uns des autres surtout à la base du sac. Les cloisons s'y forment d'une façon très irrégulière et peuvent englober jusqu'à dix ou douze noyaux dans une seule cellule. Les recherches auxquelles nous venons de faire allusion montrent, de plus, qu'il n'existe aucun rapport, entre les sphères directrices et l'apparition des nouveaux fils connectifs qui sont souvent très éloignés d'elles. 11 y a bien encore indépendance de la membrane par rapport au noyau dans le cas de V Anthoceros signalé par Strasburger (6,158^; mais, ici, le phénomène est tout autre, puisque les fils connectifs se forment avant la division du noyau. Lors de la formation des spores {{q V Anthoceros, comme d'ailleurs aussi, lors de la naissance des macrospores des Isoetes, les faisceaux biconvexes des filets cytoplasmiques sont déjà constitués en tonnelets, reliant entre elles quatre masses condensées de protoplasme, avant que le noyau situé par côté ait commencé à se diviser. La division s'efîectue ensuite à deux reprises, et chacun des nouveaux noyaux pénètre dans une des quatre masses protoplasmiques. Sitôt après, se forment simultanément, comme dans la cellule du pollen, les cloisons de séparation. Cloisonnement des cellules âgées.-Aux différents cas les plus intéressants du cloisonnement cellulaire que nous venons de passer en revue, il convient d'ajouter celui de la formation d'une nouvelle cloison, dans des cellules âgées. 11 s'est agi jusqu'à maintenant, comme on l'a vu, de cellules jeunes et en pleine activité protoplasmi(|ue. Mais il est intéressant de se demander si des cellules déjà-24vieilles, des éléments lignifiés par exemple, sonl capables aussi de se diviser. Plusieurs auteurs, et Schei.lenberg (9,262) entre autres, répondent par la négative ; Strasburger (5,568) par contre, a récemment montré (piil en est tout autrement et qu'il n'est pas rare de voir, chez les Clemalis par exemple, de vieilles cellules des rayons médullaires, déjà fortement épaisses et complètement lignifiées, se segmenter à nouveau. i>II.-Formation de la membrane en dehors de la division NUCLÉAIRE Le processus de la formation de la membrane, décrit pl...
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