-Selection of resistant animals and host immunization have been proposed as alternative methods for the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites. However, a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in protective immunity against these parasites is required for the development of optimal strategies. In this study, 3 month old INRA 401 lambs (n = 81) were allocated into three groups: uninfected control, challenged either once (primary-infected animals) or twice (previouslyinfected animals) with 10 000 Haemonchus contortus L 3 . Uninfected control and challenged animals were sequentially sacrificed at 3, 7, 15 and 28 days post challenge. In both challenged groups, a clear Th 2 -oriented immune response was observed in the abomasal lymph node and mucosa. IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA over-expression, recruitment of eosinophils, mast cells and globule leukocytes and production of specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA were observed earlier in previously-infected animals than in primary-infected ones. At 28 days post infection, no differences between intensities of these responses were observed between the challenged groups. Worm establishment rates were similar in previously-infected and primary-infected lambs. However, reductions of worm development, female fecundity and fecal egg output were observed in previously-infected sheep. We conclude that H. contortus infection in young INRA 401 lambs induced an unequivocal Th 2 immune response resulting in the regulation of worm egg production without affecting their establishment.Haemonchus contortus / sheep / Th 2 immune response / quantitative PCR / antibody and cellular response

Goat production is widespread in the tropics. Goats are very susceptible to gastrointestinal nematode infection, but there is less evidence of their genetic resistance. Genetic resistance of Creole goats to gastrointestinal nematodes has been studied at Guadeloupe in the French West Indies since 1995. The objective of this research was to investigate genetic variation for resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection, in order to introduce this trait into breeding schemes. Genetic variability was assessed within a Creole experimental flock. Forty-nine sire groups were characterized at weaning and 55 during fattening after weaning. Kids were naturally infected, mainly by Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Fecal egg counts were determined once at weaning and every 6 and 7 wk after drenching during fattening. Blood samples were collected every 7 wk during fattening for determination of packed cell volume. Live weights were recorded at weaning and at the beginning and middle of every infection period during fattening. Genetic parameters were estimated using the REML for multivariate animal models. The heritability estimate for transformed fecal egg count was 0.37+/-0.06 at weaning. During fattening, it increased from 0.14+/-0.05 at 4 mo to 0.33+/-0.06 at 10 mo. Heritabilities of packed cell volume ranged from 0.10 to 0.33. At weaning, maternal heritability of fecal egg count reached 0.26 and direct heritability 0.20. After 6 mo of age, maternal effects were found to be unimportant for fecal egg count and packed cell volume. Live weights presented significant genetic variability. Genetic relationships between fecal egg counts and live weight in infected pastures were never significant. Genetic correlations between packed cell volume and live weight decreased from 0.47 to 0.10 from weaning to 10 mo of age. These results demonstrated the feasibility of breeding for improved resistance to nematodes in Creole kids.

The immune responses to Haemonchus contortus were compared in studies in resistant Barbados Black Belly (BBB) and susceptible INRA 401 (INRA) breeds of lambs. The cytokine patterns indicated a Th2-biased response in both breeds. A more persistent and elevated Th2 cytokine mRNA transcription and blood eosinophilia were noted in the BBB lambs. However, at days 4 and 30 post-infection, abomasal recruitment of eosinophils and mast cells were similar between the two breeds. Following primary infections, the BBB demonstrated a substantially lower faecal egg count compared to the INRA lambs. Furthermore, worm counts at 4 and 30 days post-infection, and adult female worm size and in utero egg counts 30 days after the first infection were significantly lower in the BBB than in the INRA breed. In the INRA breed, re-infection caused a significant reduction in most parasitological parameters compared with those observed after the primary infection. A similar response was not observed in the BBB sheep. In conclusion, while the major driving force in the response to H. contortus infection is a Th2-biased immunity in which the BBB showed its maximal performance during the primary infection, the INRA breed performed better after re-infection compared to its response to first exposure.

Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the main health issues in sheep breeding. To identify loci affecting the resistance to Haemonchus contortus, a genome scan was carried out using 1,275 Romane × Martinik Black Belly backcross lambs. The entire population was challenged with Haemonchus contortus in 2 consecutive experimental infections, and fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volumes were measured. A subgroup of 332 lambs with extreme FEC was necropsied to determine the total worm burden, length of female worms, sex ratio in the worm population, abomasal pH, and serum and mucosal G immunoglobulins (IgG) responses. Pepsinogen concentration was measured in another subset of 229 lambs. For QTL detection, 160 microsatellite markers were used as well as the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip that provided 42,469 SNP markers after quality control. Linkage, association, and joint linkage and association analyses were performed with the QTLMAP software. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was estimated within each pure breed, and association analyses were carried out either considering or not the breed origin of the haplotypes. Four QTL regions on sheep chromosomes (OAR)5, 12, 13, and 21 were identified as key players among many other QTL with small to moderate effects. A QTL on OAR21 affecting pepsinogen concentration exactly matched the pepsinogen (PGA5) locus. A 10-Mbp region affecting FEC after the 1st and 2nd infections was found on OAR12. The SNP markers outperformed microsatellites in the linkage analysis. Taking advantage of the LD helped to refine the locations of the QTL mapped on OAR5 and 13.

Isolates from eight gastrointestinal nematode species parasitic in sheep, cattle and deer were maintained in sheep, to provide eggs in similar faecal environments and to compare temperature and moisture requirements for their development. Faecal cultures were processed at different temperatures (for four species) and moisture contents (for eight species). At 60% of faecal moisture content (FMC), maximal rates of development (expressed as L3/100 hatchable eggs estimated by an extraction technique from the faeves) were observed at 20, 23 and 28°C respectively for Ostertagia leptospicularis, O. ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcinctaand Trichostrongylus colunriformis. For the eight species, the curves of development rates as functions of FMC were Gaussian, without modification between 18 and 28°C. Optimal developments were when the FMC ranged from 57 to 68%; low development of 1L3/100eggs were observed when the FMC ranged from 85 to 95% and from 25 to 55%. The main differences between species were in the ability of the eggs of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. vitrinusand Chabertia ovina to develop at lower FMC than Haemonchus contortus, O. ostertagi, O. legptospicularis and Cooperia oncophora.