This multicenter study reports the results obtained between 1990 and 1991 by the Study Group for Childhood Headache of the Italian Neuropediatric Society. Standardized computerized case sheets were used in order to increase the number of young patients studied and obtain more homogeneous results. A clinical diagnosis of headache was made in 600 patients (314 female and 286 male) between 4 and 12 years of age, in accordance with the classification set down by the International Headache Society. Clinical symptoms and follow-up were more severe in children with migraine as opposed to headache. No sequence of associated neurological and neurovegetative symptoms was observed at onset of headache, and some (phono-photophobia, pallor, drowsiness, abdominal pains) were much more prevalent than others. Because of the patient's age we studied only the treatment of acute attack and did not take account of chronic treatment. In childhood the clinical course of primary headache tends to improve spontaneously, and we believe that prevention of headache attacks should be carried out only in very rare individual cases.

Objectives: Doppler is a fundamental tool in the study of normal and pathological pregnancy. The scan is done, in the vast majority of cases, by medical personnel who do not understand the physics of sound nor the use of the different options available to optimise images to reach appropriated conclusions. Our goal was to develop an Obstetrics Ultrasound Doppler Simulator to practice different approaches to the fetal and maternal vessels on a normal and pathological conditions. Methods: Using Unity (a game engine by Unity Technologies SF), and a Fourier transform, we developed an user interface, which mimic a B-Mode and a colour Doppler signal, in which a Doppler cursor is place in order to generate an spectral pulse wave Doppler signals. A series of commands are displayed to control gain, power, pulse repetition frequency, zero line, speed, up/down, etc. Results: We achieved an Obstetrics Doppler Simulator used on laptops and mobile devices. When students go through the user interface, different vessel may be studied (Umbilical artery, medial cerebral artery, ductus venosus and uterine artery). The Doppler cursor may be place in different positions of the vessel in order to get a spectral Doppler signals. Using command the spectral Doppler signal may be changed. Furthermore a pathological condition may be achieve in order to get signals for each of the studied vessels. Simulated signals were analysed by specialists and evaluated in terms of signal realism and dynamics of the normal and pathological changes. Conclusions: This Obstetrics Ultrasound Doppler Simulator fulfils the realism as a comprehensive anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological model of an ultrasound Doppler generator of the fetal and maternal circulation to practice different approaches on a normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore this simulator provide a risk free and controllable environment for training and the next step will be to integrate this model as a learning object on teaching scenarios. Objectives: Amniocentesis is the most frequent invasive procedure in prenatal diagnosis. Other ultrasound-guided invasive procedures, such as chorionic villus sampling and cordocentesis, are based on the same technical principles. OP29.10 Simulation in amniocentesis using a training model in a LatinThe aim of our study was to compare the learning curves of residents and specialists in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) for amniocentesis on a training model in four different Latin American cities. This model can be explored by ultrasound and any ultrasound-guided procedure can be performed repeatedly. Methods:We conducted an observational study in 103 physicians (40 residents and 63 specialists in OBGYN) in four Latin American citiesConfidence gain was assessed subjectively using post-tests questionnaires; and technical quality improvement by how to hold the probe and the needle, how to identify the target, how to keep the entire length of the needle visualised on the screen and how to optimise the ultrasound settings. Results: Residents ...