BackgroundDerived from multiple disciplines and established in industries outside of medicine, Implementation Science (IS) seeks to move evidence-based approaches into widespread use to enable improved outcomes to be realized as quickly as possible by as many as possible.MethodsThis review highlights selected IS theories and models, chosen based on the experience of the authors, that could be used to plan and deliver medical education activities to help learners better implement and sustain new knowledge and skills in their work settings.ResultsIS models, theories and approaches can help medical educators promote and determine their success in achieving desired learner outcomes. We discuss the importance of incorporating IS into the training of individuals, teams, and organizations, and employing IS across the medical education continuum. Challenges and specific strategies for the application of IS in educational settings are also discussed.ConclusionsUtilizing IS in medical education can help us better achieve changes in competence, performance, and patient outcomes. IS should be incorporated into curricula across disciplines and across the continuum of medical education to facilitate implementation of learning. Educators should start by selecting, applying, and evaluating the teaching and patient care impact one or two IS strategies in their work.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder of the extrapyramidal system resulting from the deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia. ~ It is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremour, and parasympathetic hyperactivity. Respiratory dysfunction has been noted in patients with PD and multiple causes have been proposed including impaired central control of respiration, abnormal extrapyramidal control of respiratory muscles, excessive secretions, decreased chest wall compliance, and upper airway obstruction. [2][3][4] This report describes a patient who developed respiratory failure two days after an anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma. Upper airway dysfunction with obstruction was considered to have had a contributory role in causing the respiratory failure. Case reportA 71-yr-old man with a history of Parkinson's disease, Type II diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, and remote 20 pack-year smoking history, presented for resection of rectal carcinoma. He had undergone a remote cholecystectomy without event. His medications on admission were levodopa-carbidopa 100/25 mg rid, selegiline chlorhydrate 5 mg bid, chlorpropamide 100 mg daily, nifedipine 10 mg bid, propanolol 10 mg bid and enteric coated acetylsalicylic acid 325 mg daily. At the preoperative visit, one day before surgery, he had no complaints of dyspnoea or shortness of breath. He exercised daily on a stationary bicycle without angina. Examination of the heart and chest were unremarkable. Neurological as- CAN J ANAESTH 1995 / 42:4 / pp344-7

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