Potential drop distribution in a system comprising ion exchange membranes, a diaphragm, and an ion exchange resin layer has been experimentally studied and theoretically analyzed. It has been estab lished that the potential drop is redistributed in the system due to not only different electrical resistances of its elements, but also their concentration polarization, which depends on both the voltage applied to elec trodes and relative positions of the system elements.
Entre 2002 et 2008, 197 écoles de l'enseignement secondaire (collèges et lycées) accueillant les élèves des milieux les plus défavorisés de la province de Québec (Canada) ont été appelées à accroître leur potentiel éducatif en vue d'améliorer la réussite de leurs élèves. Elles devaient s'engager dans une démarche collective rigoureuse : mobilisation des différents acteurs et partenaires de l'école, analyse de situations objectives, planification stratégique, mise en oeuvre et accompagnement des actions, évaluation des objectifs atteints, dissémination des pratiques évaluées comme efficientes. L'évaluation de la mise en oeuvre a reposé sur une utilisation de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives : questionnaires, entretiens individuels ou de groupe. Vingt écoles ont aussi été suivies durant cinq ans. L'évaluation des effets a reposé sur une analyse longitudinale quasi-expérimentale et la passation annuelle de questionnaires auprès de 30 000 élèves et 4 000 membres du personnel. Les résultats indiquent que peu d'écoles ont réussi à appliquer la démarche proposée avec un haut niveau de conformité, mais celles qui y sont le mieux parvenues sont celles qui ont généré le plus d'effets positifs. L'évaluation a permis d'identifier ce qui a bien ou moins bien fonctionné, les actions à maintenir, à réajuster, ainsi que les conditions à réunir pour améliorer les fonctionnements. Mots-clés : Décrochage scolaire-Évaluation de programme-Évolution des pratiques-Inégalités sociales-Politiques éducatives-Réussite scolaire-Stratégie d'intervention innovante. Increasing educational success in an underprivileged environment Salient facts in assessing the Quebec action strategy, « Agir autrement » ("A different approach") Summary: Between 2002 and 2008, 197 secondary schools serving students from the most disadvantaged areas of Quebec province (Canada) were requested to improve their educational potential in order to improve students' success. These schools had to engage in a structured collective approach: mobilization of the school team, objective situation analysis, strategic planning, implementation and monitoring of actions, evaluation of the achievement of objectives, adjustments, and dissemination of effective interventions. The implementation evaluation of the Strategy rested on the use of quantitative and qualitative methods: questionnaires, individual or group semi-structured interviews. Twenty schools were also followed for five years as case studies. Evaluation of effects was based on self-reported questionnaires annually administered to 30,000 students and 4,000 staff members and rested on a longitudinal quasi-experimental research design. Results showed that very few schools succeeded in implementing this approach with a high level of conformity. However, schools that did succeed are those who also generated the most positive changes. The evaluation provided a critical understanding of the facilitators and barriers for implementing this type of large-scale initiative. It led to identification of which component of the ...
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