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Aims. For decades now, researchers have been looking for a way to tie the kinematic and dynamic reference frames. Certain worldwide organizations have looked to using co-location in space, combining various techniques. Given the long list of possible applications of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), it is worthwhile investigating the connection between the most accurate and stable International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and the Earth-centered Celestial Inertial reference frame (ECI) used in GNSS data processing. Methods. We simulated phase-referencing observations of GNSS satellites and nearby radio source calibrators to realize the connection between the two celestial reference frames. We designed two schemes for observation plans. One scheme is to select the satellite target when it can be observed by the greatest number of stations in order to obtain high-precision positioning. During each scan, we employ four regional networks to simultaneously track four chosen satellites. The alternative scheme is to observe satellite orbits of as many satellites as possible on different daily observations. In addition, to test the two schemes, we used Monte Carlo methods to generate 1000 groups of random errors in the simulation. Results. Finally, we estimate the right ascension and declination offsets (∆α, ∆δ) of GNSS satellites in the ICRF, and then derive frame tie parameters based on those results: three global rotation angles (A1, A2, A3). The celestial angular offset results assessed from the former scheme show that this scheme leads to high precision of namely 1 mas, while the parameters of the frame tie determined from the second scheme can achieve an improved precision of better than 1.3 µas.

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