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Several methods for the synthesis of metal-free phthalocyanine (Pc or PcH2) and copper phthalocyanine (PcCu) from urea and phthalic anhydride, phthalimide, 1,3-diiminoisoindoline (1,3-D), and phthalonitrile have been studied. The results show that the nature of the solvent is the most important factor in the conventional chemical and direct electrochemical synthesis of the final products. Different routes for phthalocyanine preparation are discussed.

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