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Single-crystalline undoped and phosphrous-doped (P-doped) p-type ZnTe nanowires (NWs) were synthesized via a simple vapor transport and deposition method. Both undoped and P-doped ZnTe nanowires have zinc blende structure and uniform geometry. X-ray diffraction peaks of the P-doped ZnTe nanowires show an obvious shift toward higher diffraction angle as compared with the undoped ZnTe nanowires. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the existence of P-dopant in the ZnTe nanowires. Field-effect transistors based on both undoped and P-doped ZnTe nanowires were fabricated and characterized. Electrical measurements demonstrated that P-doping led to an enhancement in ptype conductivity of ZnTe nanowires. A defect reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the p-type behaviors of both undoped and P-doped ZnTe nanowires.