(Íîáåëåâñêàÿ ëåêöèÿ ïî ôèçèêå. Ñòîêãîëüì, 8 äåêàáðÿ 1988 ã.; ïåðåðàáîòàíî 9 ôåâðàëÿ 1989 ã.)I. Ââåäåíèå. Ìîè êîëëåãè Ìåëâèí Øâàðö, Äaeåê Øòåéíáåðãåð è ÿ, ðàçäåëèâ Íîáåëåâñêóþ ïðåìèþ 1988 ã., ïðåäñòàëè ïåðåä äèëåììîé. Êàae-äûé èç íàñ ìîã áû ðàñ¸ìîí-ïîäîáíûì (1) îáðàçîì îïèñàòü äâóõíåéòðèí-íûé ýêñïåðèìåíò (ïîä òàêèì íàçâàíèåì îí èçâåñòåí) â ñâîåì ñîáñòâåí-íîì ñòèëå, ñî ñâîèìè ñîáñòâåííûìè âîñïîìèíàíèÿìè, â ïîëíîñòüþ îáú-åêòèâíîé ìàíåðå èñòèííûõ ó÷åíûõ. Õîòÿ ýòî è ìîãëî áû ïðåäñòàâëÿòü íåêîòîðûé èíòåðåñ äëÿ ñîöèîëîãîâ è àíòðîïîëîãîâ, íî â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå-ñîìíåííî èìåëñÿ áû ðèñê íàãíàòü ñêóêó, è ïîýòîìó ìû ðåøèëè ëîãè÷å-ñêè ðàçäåëèòü íàøè óñèëèÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì. Äð. Øâàðö, îñòàâèâ-øèé ýòó îáëàñòü ôèçèêè äåñÿòü ëåò íàçàä, ñîñðåäîòî÷èëñÿ áû íà èñòîêàõ è äåòàëÿõ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòà. Äð. Øòåéíáåðãåð ñîñðåäîòî-÷èëñÿ áû íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè íåéòðèííûõ ïó÷êîâ îáëàñòü, â êîòîðîé îí áûë âûäàþùèìñÿ ëèäåðîì íà ïðîòÿaeåíèè ìíîãèõ ëåò. ß âûçâàëñÿ îáñó-äèòü «îñòàëüíîå» ïîñïåøíîå ðåøåíèå, êîòîðîå â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå êðè-ñòàëëèçîâàëîñü â îñíîâíóþ òåìó: êàê îòêðûòèå äâóõ òèïîâ íåéòðèíî ñòàëî ðåøàþùèì ðàííèì øàãîì â «ñáîðêå» ñîâðåìåííîé êàðòèíû ìèðà, êîòîðóþ â ôèçèêå ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ÷àñòèö ìû íàçûâàåì «ñòàíäàðòíîé ìî-äåëüþ». Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî äàaeå «ïåðâûé øàã» îñíîâûâàåòñÿ íà óaeå ñóùå-ñòâîâàâøåé äî òîãî ñîâîêóïíîñòè çíàíèé, ê êîòîðîé òîaeå ìîaeíî áûëî îáðàòèòüñÿ. Ìîé âûáîð ñþaeåòîâ áóäåò íå òîëüêî ñóáúåêòèâíûì, íî áó-äåò òàêaeå äî îäåðaeèìîñòè ëè÷íûì, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ýòîìó âíóøàþùå-ìó áëàãîãîâåíèå ñîáûòèþöåðåìîíèè íàãðàaeäåíèÿ. ß ðàññêàaeó î ñåðèè ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ, êîòîðûå, â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå, âîç-ìîaeíî äàaeå íå ïðÿìî, âíåñëè ñâîé âêëàä â ñòàíäàðòíóþ ìîäåëü, â ýòó ýëåãàíòíóþ, íî âñå åùå íå ïîëíóþ ñâîäêó âñåõ çíàíèé î ñóáúÿäåðíîé ôèçèêå. Ýòà ìîäåëü îïèñûâàåò 12 ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ ôåðìèîíîâøåñòü êâàðêîâ è øåñòü ëåïòîíîâ, ñãðóïïèðîâàííûõ â òðè ïîêîëåíèÿ è ïîäâåð-aeåííûõ ñèëàì ïðèðîäû, íîñèòåëÿìè êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ 12 êàëèáðîâî÷-
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