The livestock waste is major source of noxious gases, harmful pathogens and odor; hence, it has public health and environmental concern. Hence, livestock waste is to be managed properly to mitigate production of these pollutants in order to protect environment. Proper utilization of livestock waste into biogas, compost and vermicompost making can be very useful to increase crop yield and sustainability. The work carried out regarding livestock waste management and value addition in some developed and some developing countries have been reviewed. India and China are the two leading Asian countries using biogas technology. The biogas can be successfully purified and after bottling at 150 bar pressure can be used as CNG cylinders in vehicular and cooking application. The biogas plant of 60 m 3 capacity if used for biogas bottling can save $147/day. The integration of composting and vermicomposting is better compared to either composting or vermicomposting as it requires less time to complete cycle and furthermore, the substrates produced after combined process has better physical and chemical properties which can support crops. The recent work suggested that algae cultivation from livestock waste can be converted into bio-oil and other many valuable products. The waste fed or livestock integrated fish farming has good potential to generate the income.

Aim: A polyherbal galactogogue based on indigenous knowledge of tribles (Bhagats) belonging to Patalkot (Madhya Pradesh), Dangs (Gujarat) and Aravallis (Rajasthan) was evaluated on lactating Surti buffaloes (medium sized buffalo breed of South Gujarat which is best suitable for small and marginal farmers as well as landless labourers/tribal with less input resources). Materials and Methods:A total of 22 lactating Surti buffaloes maintained at Livestock Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India were randomly allotted to treatment and control group (11 buffaloes in each group). Two polyherbal galactogogue biscuits (19 g each) per day for initial 10 days of the month over a period of three months were supplemented to buffaloes in treatment group. The daily milk yield of all 22 buffaloes was recorded. Milk samples from all experimental buffaloes at fortnight interval were analyzed on automatic milk analyzer. The pooled gain/loss of BCS in all the buffaloes was worked out. DMI (%) were also worked out by averaging all fortnight observations. Results: A significant higher (p<0.05) total milk yield (14.24 %) of treatment group was recorded. The effect of polyherbal galactogogue biscuits was non-significant on milk compositions. Dry matter intake /100 kg body weight (DMI %) was found significantly (p<0.01) better in treatment over control. The buffaloes of treatment group had lost significantly (p<0.01) lesser body condition scoring (BCS) than control however, both groups had lost BCS from initial BCS. The net profit of treatment was Rs.339.90/animal/month higher than control and calculated cost-benefit ratio of treatment and control groups was 1:1.62 and 1:1.52 respectively. Conclusion:It was concluded that supplementary feeding of polyherbal galactogogue to lactating Surti buffaloes is cost effectively beneficial for milk yield and general health condition.

A total of 360 faecal samples of goat belonging to Ahir community were collected randomly from eight villages on monthly basis. On same day, collected samples were subjected to qualitative faecal examination and positive samples were categorized into mild, moderate and heavy infected groups. The risk factors considered for study were age, pregnancy, lactation, seasons, wet land grazing and hygiene in housing. Overall 41.11 % animals were found positive for helminth eggs and among them 24.17, 10.56 and 6.39 % of goats were mildly, moderately and heavily infected, respectively. The helminths recorded were strongyles (26.9 %), amphistomes (18.1 %), spp. (8.1 %) and spp. (3.9 %). Similarly, 72 (20 %) animals were found positive for presence of coccidia oocysts in which 13.06, 4.17 and 2.78 % were having mild, moderate and heavy infection. The Chi square test revealed that the housing quality, seasons and body condition scores (BCS) were having significant effects on helminths prevalence. The Chi square values indicated that age, hygiene of houses, seasons and BCS have significantly associated with prevalence of coccidiosis. The helminths prevalence was having significant positive correlation with lactation status and housing quality whereas it was significantly negatively correlated with prevalence of coccidia. Kendall's Correlation coefficients among various risk factors reveals that age and housing quality has significant negative correlations with coccidia infection. The gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites incidence was significantly high during the monsoon than the summer/winter season. The correlation of GI- parasitic prevalence with pregnancy status and age was not found.

Surti buffalo calves (25) of an average 63.52±6.01 days age and 49.68±2.16 Kg weight were randomly divided into 5 homogeneous treatment group of floor types, viz. Concrete floor (CC), Kachcha soil floor without bedding (SOIL), Concrete floor with paddy straw bedding (CC+PS), Kachcha soil floor with paddy straw bedding (SOIL+PS) and Rubber mat bedding (RM) as per Latin Square Design (LSD) for 60 days. DM intake and body weight were recorded at fortnightly interval. The behavioural parameters of the calves were studied by four instantaneous observations for three days in a week. Faecal consistency scoring and eye scoring was recorded as per standard method. Average daily gain (ADG) was highest in SOIL+PS (424.00 g) and lowest in CC (294.80 g). The pooled concentrate, roughage, milk and total DMI was 0.93±0.04, 0.92±0.05, 0.22±0.01 and 2.07±0.07 kg/day, respectively. Highest concentrate intake was in CC group whereas lowest was in SOIL group. Roughage intake was higher in SOIL+PS and CC+PS in which paddy straw was used. Behavioural parameters like cross grooming, licking of floor, playfulness by running/fighting and smelling were statistically (P<0.05) significant amongst treatment group. Significantly higher numbers of calves were found in standing position in CC group as compared to other groups indicating altered comfort zone. The mean faecal consistency score was lower (P<0.05) in SOIL+PS, RM and CC+PS group than SOIL and CC group. However, mean eye score remained statistically non-significant amongst treatment. Thus, paddy straw bedding during winter proved to be most effective either on concrete or soil surface as it overall increases growth performance and welfare of calves.

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