No abstract

A knowledge of photon energy spectra emitted from X-ray tubes in radiology is crucial for many research domains in the medical field. Since spectrometry is difficult because of high photon fluence rates, a convenient solution is to use computational models. This paper describes the use of six computer codes based on semiempirical or empirical models. The use of the codes was assessed, notably by comparing theoretical half value layers and air kerma with measurements on five different X-ray tubes used in a research hospital. It was found that three out of the six computer codes give relative spectra very close to those produced by X-ray units equipped with constant potential generators: the mean difference between measured and modelled half value layer was less than 3% with a standard deviation of 3.6% whatever the tube and the applied voltage. Absolute output is less accurate: for four computer codes, the mean difference between the measured and modelled air kerma was between 18% and 36%, with a standard deviation of 9% whatever the tube (except for the single phase generator) and the applied voltage. One of the codes gives a good output and beam quality for X-ray units equipped with 100% ripple voltage generators. The use of computational codes as described in this paper provides a means of modelling relative diagnostic X-ray spectra, the usefulness of the tube output data depending on the accuracy required by the end user.

No abstract

A novel class of geometric optical configurations for diffraction grating spectrographs is introduced. The concentric configurations offer appreciable advantages over traditional arrangements. Excellent image quality at high numerical aperture is demonstrated experimentally.