No abstract

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the digestibility and metabolizability of corn and a corn/soy-based diet with the inclusion or not of xylanase and/or phytase in broilers. In the trial, 1,120 broiler chicks were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design, consisting of 16 treatments, with 10 replicates of 7 birds each. Treatments were evaluated following a factorial arrangement (4 × 2 × 2), with 4 xylanase levels (zero, 50, 100, or 150 fungal β-xylanase units/kg; FXU), 2 phytase levels (zero or 1,000 phytase units/kg; FTU), and 2 diets (corn/soy or pure corn). The same basal diets were fed from one to 14 d post hatch for all birds, after which the experimental diets were provided until d 25. All birds were euthanized on d 25 for collection of ileal contents. Samples of feed, excreta, and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of apparent ileal digestibility. The effect of xylanase on the coefficient of apparent dry matter metabolizability and apparent metabolizable energy was increased by the presence of phytase in the complete diet but not in the diet based on pure corn resulting in a diet*phytase*xylanase interaction (P < 0.01; P < 0.001, respectivaly). Equivalent effects were observed for the apparent coefficient of ileal protein digestibility in which xylanase effects were potentiated by the presence of phytase only in the complete diet, resulting in a significant 3-way interaction. In corn there was a limitation in improving digestibility when we added increasing levels of xylanase with phytase. Otherwise in the corn/soy-based diets, the enzymes were potencialized when they were added together. The fact that the effect of xylanase was enhanced by the presence of phytase in complete diets but not in pure corn may be associated with differences in substrate (arabinoxylan and/or phytate) concentration and presentation, diet nutrient balance, or other factors. It can be concluded that the interactive effects of xylanase and phytase can be substantial but may depend on the characteristics of the diet fed.

A total of 50 mixed parity sows of a high-prolificacy genetic line were used to evaluate the impact of feed restriction during lactation on their production and reproductive performance and their performance in the subsequent lactation. From day 7 of lactation, sows were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design into two treatments. In treatment 1, sows were fed 8.0 kg feed/day (control) and in treatment 2, sows were fed 4.0 kg/day. The same suckling pressure was maintained until weaning on day 28 of lactation. Average minimum and maximum temperatures measured during the experimental period were 32.1°C and 16.5°C, respectively. Control sows presented significantly higher feed intake (P<0.001) compared with the restricted sows (6.43 v. 4.14 kg/day, respectively). Treatments influenced BW and backfat thickness losses (P<0.001). Control sows lost less BW than the restricted-fed sows (7.8 v. 28.2 kg). Restricted-fed sows lost more backfat thickness than those in the control group (3.97 v. 2.07 mm; P<0.01). Restricted-fed sows tended (P<0.10) to be lighter at weaning compared with the control sows (211 v. 227 kg). The composition of BW loss was influenced by the treatments (P<0.001), as the restricted-fed sows lost more body protein, lipids and energy compared with the control sows (3.90 v. 0.98 kg, 11.78 v. 4.83 kg and 584 v. 224 MJ, respectively). Litter weight gain was greater (P<0.05) in control sows than in restricted-fed sows (2.70 v. 2.43 kg/day). Daily milk production was 19% higher (P<0.01) in the control sows compared with the restricted-fed sows (8.33 v. 6.99 kg/day). However, restricted-fed sows presented a higher (P<0.05) lactation efficiency than the sows of the control group (82.30% v. 72.93%). No differences were detected (P>0.10) in weaning-to-estrus interval and averaged 4.3 days. No effect of the treatment (P>0.10) was observed on any of the studied performance traits in the subsequent lactation, except for litter size at birth that tended (15.2 v. 14.1; P<0.10) to be lower for the restricted sows. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that feed restriction during lactation leads to intense catabolism of the body tissues of sows, negatively affecting their milk production, and the litter weight gain and possibly number of piglets born in the next litter. On the other hand, restricted-fed sows are more efficient, producing more milk per amount of feed intake.

This study aimed to assess the effect of preprocessing of corn and of physical form of diets on growth performance, carcass yield, and nutrient digestibility in broilers and also the influence of corn processing on pellet quality. A total of 1,080 male Cobb chicks from 1 to 35 D were evaluated. Birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 types of corn processing (unprocessed, pelleted, or expanded), and 2 diet physical forms (mash or pelleted), totaling 6 treatments and 9 replicates with 20 birds. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and means were compared by Tukey's test ( P < 0.05). There was no interaction between the physical form and preprocessing of corn for any of the studied variables ( P > 0.05). The use of expanded corn in the diets before pelleting resulted in higher pellet durability index and lower amount of fines ( P < 0.05) when compared with unprocessed corn. Broilers fed pelleted diets had higher feed intake ( FI ) and weight gain ( WG ; P < 0.001), higher amounts of abdominal fat ( P < 0.05), and lower ileal digestible energy ( IDE , P = 0.05) than those fed mash. There was no effect of the feed form on nutrient digestibility ( P > 0.05). Broilers fed diets with unprocessed corn had higher FI when compared to those fed diets with expanded or pelleted corn ( P < 0.001). The use of pelleted corn resulted in lower WG than the other processing methods ( P < 0.01). The corn expansion process improved feed conversion ratio and adjusted feed conversion ratio ( P < 0.001). Inclusion of expanded corn improved the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility of DM, CP, starch, and IDE ( P < 0.05) in comparison with unprocessed corn. It is concluded that pelleted diets improve broiler performance. The corn expansion can be used to improve physical quality of the diets and broilers growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

This study examined the relationship between birth weight and growth performance when suckling piglets were reared in litters standardized by birth weight. Forty-four gilts (Landrace × Large White) due to farrow during the same week were selected. Piglets born to those gilts were individually weighed at birth and cross-fostered to obtain litters with 11 piglets and standardized birth weight (CV, lower than 5%). Based on average birth weight, 4 litter weight classes were established: class 1 (> 1.10 kg to ≤ 1.33 kg), class 2 (> 1.34 kg to ≤ 1.46 kg), class 3 (> 1.47 kg to ≤ 1.57 kg), and class 4 (> 1.58 kg to ≤ 1.88 kg). At 21 d of age, piglets were weighed to determine BW and calculate ADG and weight gain relative to birth weight. A completely randomized experimental design was used with birth weight classes as treatments. At 21 d of age, the average BW of piglets from the heaviest birth weight class (5.67 kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than the lightest class (5.06 kg); however, all classes had the same ADG (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation (r = 0.184; P < 0.01) between birth weight and weight at 21 d of age, but birth weight was not correlated (r = -0.040; P = 0.37) with ADG during the suckling phase. Therefore, piglet birth weight did not influence weight gain when piglets were reared by sows in litters with standardized birth weight.